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Energies 2017, 10, 413 15 of 26 Figure 7. Expander selection graph from [105]. Notice that the graph presented in Figure 7 has been derived using experimental data of existing machines, which adopt steam or air as the working fluids. Therefore, the values reported may differ when considering the use of organic compounds. However, it can be generally concluded that piston expanders are characterized by big specific diameters and low rotational speeds, while radial turbines by high rotational speeds and small specific diameters. Several works include an experimental investigation of small-scale ORCs. Figure 8 shows the characteristics of the experimental setups installed worldwide. Figure 8a–c underline that the majority of the test rigs are in the 1–10-kW range. In accordance with Figure 7, most of the experimental setups have volumetric expanders. The top pressure of the cycle and the volumetric expansion ratio are low in most of the cases. The results reported testify that the efficiency of volumetric machines lies in the 60%–80% range. Figure 9 classifies the experimental test rigs of Figure 8 and the commercial units of Table 2 based on the type of expander. Note that the data have been drawn by the publications referenced in the equivalent captions. The interested reader is referred to the equivalent publications for further details on the data collection. 60 50 40 30 20 10 EXPANDERS MAP INLET TEMPERATURE - POWER Screw Scoll Piston Vane Radial Commercial 0 0 50 100 150 200 EXPANDER INLET TEMPERATURE [C] (a) Figure 8. Cont. POWER [KW]PDF Image | Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
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