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Energies 2017, 10, 413 17 of 26 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Commercialunit • Experimentalsetup Screw Vane Radial turbine Piston Scroll Axial turbine Turbines ? Volumetric expanders Figure 9. Expanders classification from references [17,59,103,106]. The choice of the expander, as described in Figure 9, is a strong function of the power output of the system. Based on the data analysed, it can be concluded that volumetric expanders tend to cover the power range of 0–20 kW, while turbo machines are chosen when the power output exceeds 70 kW (see Figure 9). At power outputs exceeding 70 kW, volumetric machines are bulky, and their performance is strongly affected by leakage losses. In the power range of 20–70 kW, the performance of the two types of expanders (i.e., turbo and volumetric) is comparable. Therefore, the experience of the designer plays a crucial role in the selection of the machine. It can also be noticed that there is discordance between the power output of experimental setups and commercial units. Generally, in academia, the trend is to investigate smaller scale units (see Figure 8) and then extrapolate the results to higher power outputs, while ORC companies are keen to look into the development of power units above 30 kW (see Table 2). Sections 4.1–4.3 will describe the advantages and drawbacks of the selection of different expanders respectively in ORC systems of power output in the ranges of 1–20 kW, 20–70 kW and 70–100 kW. Section 4.4 will clarify the results depicted in Figure 9. 4.1. ORC Plants of 1–20 kW ORC systems in the power range of 1–20 kW are widely investigated as a feasible solution to produce power in transport and stationary applications. Vehicles [107] and micro-solar plants [108] are the most promising fields in which such a system could be applied in the near future. In this power range, numerous experimental studies are found in the literature offering a thorough understanding of the performance of different expander types. As Figures 7 and 8 depict, researchers demonstrated that volumetric expanders outperform turbo machines in this power range. Specifically, scroll and rotary vane expanders offer the highest performance. Scroll expanders are receiving interests in the 1–10-kW range because of the absence of valves and their relatively low cost [86]. Lemort et al. [109] proposed a model of a 2-kW scroll expander, which they validated experimentally, achieving a maximum efficiency of 68%. Yun et al. [110] tested an ORC based on two scroll expanders working in parallel. The purpose of their work was to improve the performance of the system under transient conditions. The maximum power output measured on dual mode was below 3.5 kW. Chang et al. [111] tested an ORC system with a scroll-type expander. They obtained a maximum power output of 2.3 kW and a maximum efficiency of 73%. Power output [kW]PDF Image | Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
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