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Entropy 2021, 23, 47 4 of 17 profile of SHW use for the weekday day and the weekend. The temperature of the SHW is set to 55 ◦C, while the temperature of the sanitary cold water (SCW) is 12 ◦C. Figure 2. Daily schedule of SHW consumption [22]. 2.2. Description of Heating and Cooling Energy Production Systems The presented study was performed for four different systems for heating and cooling energy production, as shown in Figure 3. The first one, denoted by (a), represents a heating system based on NG. The cooling system, in this case, is based on an auxiliary air–air vapor-compression cooling device. The second, third, and fourth systems, denoted by (b)–(d), represent combined heating and cooling systems that are based on HPs. The most basic version among these systems is the variant (b), with only HP for producing the heating and cooling energy. The third variant, denoted as (c), also encompasses a seasonal heat storage (SHS) unit, combined with a solar thermal collector (STC), while in the case of the fourth variant, denoted as (d), a grey water (GW) recovery unit has also been connected to an SHS. In the subsequent chapters, all systems will be denoted as: • GB: Building service systems based on a natural gas boiler for heating purposes and an auxiliary air–air vapor-compression cooling device for cooling purposes (Figure 3a). • HP A–W, W–W, G–W: Building service systems based on air–water, water–water and ground–water heat pumps for heating and cooling purposes (Figure 3b). • SHS(STC)–HP W–W: Building service systems based on a water–water heat pump for heating and cooling purposes, seasonal heat storage and solar thermal collectors (Figure 3c). • SHS(STC + GW)–HP W–W: Building service systems based on a water–water heat pump for heating and cooling purposes, seasonal heat storage, solar thermal collectors and grey water recovery unit (Figure 3d). The working characteristic of heat and cold generators are presented in Table 2. The performance of the HPs (output thermal power, COP and electric power) were modelled as a function of the heating temperature (i.e., water outlet temperature, which is inlet water temperature to the heating system) and the heat source temperature (i.e., ambient (air) temperature in the case of A–W, ground temperature in the case of G–W and ground water or water from SHS temperature in the case of W–W HP). The performance of the gas heating system (efficiency and electric power) was modelled as a function of the annual efficiency. In the case of NG boiler, the auxiliary vapor-compression cooling device was considered to produce the necessary cooling energy. The electrical power consumption of the water pump in the case of ground–water HP was 50 W and in the case of a water–water HP was 350 W.PDF Image | Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage
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