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Entropy 2021, 23, 47 6 of 17 2.2.2. Building Ventilation System The mechanical ventilation system consists of an integrated highly efficient heat recovery unit with efficiency of 0.91. When the building is considered occupied, the nominal air-change rate (ACH) is determined by minimal hygienic requirements according to CR 1752 [25]. In the case of a single-family house, the minimum ACH is 0.5 h−1, but during the unoccupied hours the minimum ACH is reduced to 0.2 h−1. The mechanical ventilation system also provides more intensive ventilation of the building (ACH up to 1.3 h−1), in the case of night of free cooling operation mode. The electric power consumption of the fan is dependent on the volumetric flow. The specific value of 1 kWs/m3 is assumed. 2.2.3. Sanitary Hot Water System For sanitary water heating, a 300 L water storage with 5 cm insulation is assumed. Due to legionella prevention measures, a one-week overheating of the water storage tank for 1 h by superheating the SHW to 62 ◦C has also been decided. Heat losses of both the water storage and connecting pipelines were considered. The electric power consumption of the circulation pump was also regarded for all four analyzed systems [22]. 2.2.4. Solar Thermal Collector System The solar thermal collector system consists of flat plate collectors located on the south- facing part of the roof with a 45◦ slope. In the presented case, the total area of solar collectors was 20.6 m2 in the case of the SHS (STC)–HP W–W system and 10.4 m2 in the case of the SHS (STC + GW)–HP W–W heating system. All other characteristics of solar thermal collectors are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Characteristics of solar thermal collectors [26]. Characteristic Type Length × Width (mm) Intercept efficiency Efficiency slope (W/m2K) Efficiency curvature (W/m2K2) 2.2.5. Seasonal Heat Storage Value Flat plat collector 2170 × 1170 0.79 4.03 0.0107 To ensure higher efficiency of the system, heat is stored directly in the seasonal heat storage with a capacity of 85 m3 in the case of the SHS (STC)–HP W–W system and 95 m3 in the case of the SHS (STC + GW)–HP W–W system. The storage tank was installed in the ground. The average tank loss coefficient per unit area was 0.1 W/m2K. During the SHS operation, we assumed an electric power consumption of the circulation pump of 50 W and a 93% effectiveness of the heat exchanger [26]. 2.2.6. Grey Water Heat Recovery Unit To simulate reuse of heat from grey water, a grey water heat recovery unit, based on the spiral heat exchanger, was used, with an effectiveness of 85%. The daily amount of grey water, with a temperature of 42 ◦C [27], was set to 120 L/day. The daily profile of grey water use is the same as SHW. To ensure higher efficiency of the system, heat is stored directly in the seasonal heat storage. During the grey water system operation, the electric power consumption of the circulation pump of 50 W has been assumed. The operation of the system depends on the temperature of the storage tank and it occurs when the temperature of the heat storage is 3 K lower than the water from the heat storage. 2.3. Description of the Simulation Framework The transient systems simulation program TRNSYS (TRNSYS, 2000) was used for sim- ulation of energy use for space heating and cooling of the building, SHW production, and the thermal response of the SHS and STC system. TRNSYS is a simulation tool that allowsPDF Image | Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage
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