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Entropy 2021, 23, 47 9 of 17 depicted in Figure 5. As specific heating demand was low, based on the overall heat transfer coefficients of envelope and other building elements (Table 1), from April to October there was no heating in order to sustain the inner air temperature within the prescribed range (Table 2). Cooling in the building, on the other hand, took place between May and August. Figure 5. Annual temperature variation of air (ambient), ground (brine) and ground water. Annual heating and cooling demand variation of a building. The heat source for Systems C and D was water inside the SHS. As already explained in Section 2, the heat from solar thermal collectors and the grey water recovery unit was transferred to a SHS, from where this heat was transferred to HP W–W. The inlet water temperatures for System C (SHS + STC) and System D (SHS + STC + GW) are shown in Figure 6. One can identify the difference of inlet water temperature between both systems in favor of System C (only STC, no GW). The main reason for this observation is the lower temperature input when utilizing heat from grey water, and also the lower area of STC in this case. The difference is more pronounced in the region with the higher values of solar radiation (between 1500 and 6000 h), as more heat with higher temperature is fed into the SHS. The annual inlet water temperature variation also shows a discrepancy between the building heating need and the provided heat input from the STC. At the end of autumn (6000 h), the temperature slowly decreases, while in the case of System D, the start of the decreasing point is shifted towards 8000 h due to the GW share of input heat. At around 1000 h, the temperature starts to increase due to both the lower need for building heating and the higher amount of heat input from the STC. The heat input of both the STC and GW for both Systems C and D can also be observed in Figure 6. Compared to the GW heat input, the STC heat input shows a higher rate of discontinues in providing heat during the months around winter. The overall exergy efficiency and the partial exergy efficiencies for space heating and cooling and SHW production were calculated on the basis of the equations presented in Section 3, either annually or monthly averaged. The calculation of the overall exergy efficiency for the system SHS (STC)–HP W–W for a time step of one hour is shown in Figure 7. The exergy efficiency is also shown with a trend line from which we can see that it has the highest values in the months with the lowest ambient temperature. This is fully in line with the expectations based on the definition of exergy efficiency, since exergy is defined on the basis of the dead state, which in our case is at ambient temperature and pressure.PDF Image | Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage
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