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Entropy 2021, 23, 47 11 of 17 of the heat source and heat sink. The greater its temperature difference, the smaller the COP of a HP. Due to this fact, in the following chapters we will show not only the overall exergy efficiency but also the partial exergy efficiencies of all systems described: exergy efficiency for space heating, domestic hot water production and space cooling. 4.2. Exergy Efficiency—Annualy Averaged Annually averaged exergy efficiencies for separate space heating and cooling and SHW production as well as overall exergy efficiencies for all analyzed systems are shown in Figure 8. The best system in terms of overall exergy efficiency (0.47) is the system based on HP W–W, assisted with solar thermal collectors (SHS(STC)–HP W–W). In comparison with SHS(STC + GW)–HP W–W, the SHS without a GW system has a significantly higher average water temperature of water inside SHS, which goes into HP (28.8 ◦C vs. 19.3 ◦C). Due to this fact, the partial exergy efficiencies for space heating and SHW production are higher (0.62 vs. 0.56 and 0.42 vs. 0.38). In the case of space cooling, the values are comparable (0.24 vs. 0.24), since the temperature difference of the supply water in HP is not significantly different (Figure 6, annual variation of the supply water temperature to HP for space heating and SHW production for both systems is between 2880 h and 5830 h). If one compares systems where only HP is the source of heating or cooling energy, the overall exergy efficiency is not comparable (HP AW: 0.40, HP GW: 0.44 and HP WW: 0.38), despite similar average annual temperatures of ambient air (10.9 ◦C), ground (11.0 ◦C) and ground water (11.0 ◦C). Based on Figure 5, the lowest source temperatures (air and ground) occur during the heating season, while ground water temperatures change least during the year and are actually higher than the ground temperature during the heating season. The latter explains the maximum exergy efficiency for cooling, because in the case of HP W–W (0.24) it is significantly higher than the other two (HP G–W 0.19 and HP A–W 0.18). It is expected that the system based on natural gas boiler (GB) will have the lowest exergy efficiencies (overall, space heating, SHW production), which are significantly lower compared to efficiencies of other systems. In the case of space cooling, an auxiliary air-to-air vapor-compression cooling system, with ambient air as the heat sink, has been considered. The exergy efficiency of this type of unit is comparable to all other HP-based systems (0.21 vs. 0.18—0.24 for HP-based systems). Figure 8. Annually averaged exergy efficiencies for space heating and cooling and SHW production for all analyzed systems in relation to annual average temperatures of heat sources (excluding GB system). Overall exergy efficiency includes all three processes.PDF Image | Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage
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