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Entropy 2021, 23, 47 14 of 17 In the production of SHW (Figure 12), we can observe a greater influence of the numerator describing exergy of heat compared to a higher electricity consumption–exergy, due to lower COP. SHW is produced at a temperature of 55 ◦C. The greater the difference between the SHW production temperature and the source temperature, the greater the proportion of exergy that is converted to heat, despite the increasing use of pure exergy (electricity) to drive the HP compressor. Figure 12. Monthly averaged exergy efficiencies for SHW production of all analyzed systems in relation to monthly averaged ambient air temperature (dead state). 5. Conclusions This paper presents an exergy-efficiency analysis of four different systems for the production of heating and cooling energy in a single-house dwelling. The first system is based on a NG boiler for heating purposes, while the cooling energy is provided by an additional air–air vapor-compression cooling device. All three remaining systems are based on HPs, while in the case of the third and fourth systems, a SHS tank is connected to a W–W HP. The main objective of this study was to compare the overall exergy efficiencies of all four systems (including space heating and cooling and SHW production). The final conclusions of the above-mentioned exergy analyses are as follows: • The system based on the NG boiler for space heating and SHW production purposes has up to 36% percentage points lower overall annual exergy efficiency compared to the most efficient system (0.11 vs. 0.47—SHS (STC)–HP W–W). This shows an enormous waste of exergy when NG is burned for heating purposes only. From the point of view of overall energy (and exergy) efficiency, it would be much more sensible to promote systems such as combined heat and power plant (electrical energy + heat production). The other possible systems that are far more energy efficient are based on natural gas-driven heat pumps and hybrid heat pumps. In the latter case, natural gas can be used as a heat source, while, in the former case, burning natural gas represents chemical energy that can be converted into mechanical work in the compressor. • The system based on SHS in combination with STC (SHS (STC)–HP W–W) was identified as one of the most efficient systems in terms of overall exergy efficiency. The main factor contributing to higher efficiency values is higher water temperatures within SHS, as this is the heat source for the HP W–W. Compared to ambient air,PDF Image | Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage
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