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Entropy 2021, 23, 47 15 of 17 • ground and ground water, the annual average water temperature within the SHS was significantly higher (10.9 vs. 11.0 vs. 11.0 vs. 28.8 K). Special attention should be paid to auxiliary pumps in real systems, as electrical energy is pure exergy and represents direct exergy losses (entropy generation). For example, HP A–W does not require an auxiliary water pump, unlike HP W–W and HP G–W (with a rated electrical power of 350 W and 50 W respectively) and systems with SHS(STC) and SHS(STC + GW)-rated electrical outputs of 50 W and 50 + 50 W, respectively. Therefore, the STC and GW based systems have achieved an overall energy efficiency of 0.43, which is directly comparable to the efficiency of the system with a HP G–W (0.44) and is close to the system based on HP A–W (0.40). However, the system based on SHS(STC+GW) represents an enormous energy saving by using the waste heat from grey water, as described in more detail in the Addendum. 6. Addendum The primary aim of this study was not to consider the analysis of CO2 emissions of the presented systems for the production of heat or cooling energy. Therefore, within the Addendum a comparison of all the systems that are suitable for the production of heating and cooling energy in terms of annual CO2 emissions is presented. Within this analysis, the annual energy use of household sector for heating and cooling purposes and known emission factors (EF) for Slovenia (EF for natural gas (for year 2015) and electricity (for year 2018) emission factors are 0.2 kgCO2/MWh and 0.353 kgCO2/MWh, respectively) have been considered. Compared to a system based on combined the NG boiler and auxiliary cooling device, the system with SHS(STC) provides a reduction in CO2 emissions of up to 64%, while the system based on HP W–W can reduce emissions by up to 54%. In terms of actual numbers, the annual emissions of a system based on the NG boiler are 1.59 tonnes of CO2, while the emissions in the case of systems with HP A–W, W–W, G–W, SHS (STC + GW) and SHS (STC) are 0.70, 0.73, 0.64, 0.65 and 0.57 tonnes of CO2 regarding the case building presented in this article. If we take those numbers into the context of the overall Slovenian emission of CO2 in 2017 with 15.59 million tonnes of CO2, the total CO2 emissions of 824,618 households (year 2018) based on NG (with auxiliary cooling device) would be 2.22 million tonnes of CO2. The most efficient system—with HP W–W and SHS(STC)—could reduce this number by up to 1.42 million tonnes of CO2 annually. Considering the overall Slovenian emissions in all sectors, the reduction in CO2 at a national level, if using a system based on SHS(STC), could be up to 9.1%. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, P.P., B.V. and A.P.; methodology, P.P.; software, P.P. and B.V.; investigation, P.P. and A.P.; writing—original draft preparation, P.P.; writing—review and editing, A.P.; visualization, P.P.; supervision, A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: This study did not require ethical approval. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) for the following project: Heat and Mass Transfer, P2-0223. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage
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