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Ing. Patrick Schwarzbauer Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) As mentioned earlier, an ORC cycle is similar to a steam Clausius-Rankine cycle, therefore compare Figure 5 and Figure 8. The temperatures of an ORC are very low in comparison to a regular steam system, see Figure 5. To realize an Organic-Rankine cycle several steps are necessary: economically friendly. For heat exchangers, it is typical to consider isobaric conditions, which means no pressure drop of the fluid while passing the heat exchanger. In real life applications heat exchangers create pressure drops due to changes in direction of the fluid, and changes in velocity, see Figure 11. The black lines in Figure 11 represent the pressure drops in the heat exchangers. The pressure drop can be reduced by increasing the temperature difference through the heat exchanger, that leads to a decrease of the flow rate. • • • • • • • 1-2: real expansion in turbine, ηT = 0,80 [3, Page 160] 2-3: isobaric heat dissipation in condenser, p=const. 3-4: isobaric condensation, p=const. 4-5: real compression in pump, ηP = 0,75 [3, Page 160] 5-6: isobaric heat supply, p=const. 6-7: isobaric evaporation, p=const. 7-1: isobaric heat supply, p=const. very small enthalpy difference in section 4-5, the Due to a specific work ∆wP of the pump is mostly neglected. In small scale applications, the efficiency and performance of the pump is more important than in bigger applications, like big power plants. The state change from 4 to 5 happens with real conditions instead of isentropic conditions, see Figure 10. Figure 10. T-s diagram of the ORC cycle (State 4-5). Furthermore, the design and the type of the evaporator Qe should be analyzed. Due to low flow rates on the ORC side of the heat exchanger, the use of microchannel heat exchangers becomes more and more interesting. Microchannel heat exchangers are very small and have high heat transfer coefficients. Those heat exchangers are most likely used in cars as part of the A/C system. 2.1.3 Ideal cycle versus real cycle Components like heat exchangers, valves, non-return valves, turbines, pumps, etc. occurs pressure drops. To keep the cycle most efficient it is important to reduce the pressure losses through such components. For pumps and turbines, the ideal thermodynamic process is isentropic. For real applications, this assumption isn ́t accurate enough, especially if the power and size of such components is increasing. Therefore, in many cases it is useful to calculate the pressure drop to keep the cycle Figure 11. Logp-h diagram of the ORC cycle with pressure drops. Even piping occurs pressure drops. Normally the pressure drops can be neglected if the length of the piping isn’t significantly long. 3 THE REFRIGERANT There are many different refrigerants which are capable for organic Rankine cycles. Table 1 shows different types of refrigerants including some fluid properties. Depending on the temperature which is available, different refrigerants are capable. This thesis is focusing on 1,1,1,2- Tetrafluoroethane (R134a). It`s an inert gas used as a medium or high temperature refrigerant. Typical applications are [5]: • Domestic refrigeration • Commercial refrigeration • Commercial refrigeration: Plug-ins & V ending machines • Industrial refrigeration • Transport refrigeration • Residential and light air conditioning • Industrial/commercial air conditioning DX chillers • Industrial/commercial centrifugal compressors • Mobile air conditioning -5-PDF Image | Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
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