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Ing. Patrick Schwarzbauer Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) Table 1. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants [6]. Another important aspect of choosing a refrigerant is the impact on the environment. The use of zeotropic and near- azeotropic mixtures, like R410A is mostly common these days, but the trend shows that natural refrigerants like ammonia (NH3) or carbon dioxide (CO2) will be implemented more often in future systems. The reason why natural refrigerants should be forced is that the ozone depletion potential (ODP) and the global warming potential (GWP) are less than common types of refrigerants. Figure 12 is showing an example of the environmental impact of R134a. The ODP for R134a is equal to zero, see Figure 12, while the value for GWP is 1430. Every refrigerant has a rating for environmental impact, see Table 1 to compare. Figure 12. Impact of R134a on the environment [5]. 3.1 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) To define the impact of refrigerants on the environment, terms like ODP and GWP were declared. “The Ozone Depletion Potential is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layer” [7]. Nowadays exclusively refrigerants with medium low or zero ODP are allowed to operate in the technical systems [7]. For refrigerant environmental data see Appendix A. 3.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP) The Global Warming Potential describes how much of a specific mass of a gas or refrigerant contributes to global warming [7]. It compares the amount of heat trapped by greenhouse gases, like refrigerants (e.g. R134a) to the same amount of mass based on CO2. Per definition, the GWP of CO2 is 1, while the GWP of R134a of the same mass is 1430 times higher, see Table 1 and Figure 12. 3.3 Safety Information of Refrigerants To describe the risk of refrigerants, the ASHRAE STANDARD (Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants) defined several safety criteria. Following criteria are considered [8]: • ASHRAE Flammability • ASHRAE Toxicity Based on these criteria, two different classes, Class A and Class B, of refrigerants are available. The letter A or B describes the toxicity of a refrigerant, while the numbers describe the flammability of those refrigerants, see Table 2. The toxicity and flammability of a refrigerant increases with higher letters and numbers. -6-PDF Image | Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
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