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Energies 2020, 13, 1374 4 of 20 )BJ ?=AH= .HA ?=AH= )EHBE Figure 2. Wind tunnel setup: The laser sheet enters the test section from below. Figure 3. Sample PIV fields of the two cameras with their overlap, shown by means of two original images: The image domains are adjusted separately in different tests, when the PIV plane is moved spanwise or when the angle of attack is changed. 2.3. DBD Actuator The most complicated part of the setup phase was the geometrical optimization of the DBD, assembled on the PolyMethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) insert of Figure 1. The first design choice regarded the exposed electrode shape: equally spaced nonadjacent triangular tips were chosen since each tip can induce a locally high ionic wind injecting streamwise momentum, and at the same time, thetransverseinductionbetweentipscangeneratevortexstructures[14,17,19,20]. Othershapeswith periodic contours such serrated, serpentine, and square wave have been described in literature [16]; however, the adjacent tips of a standard serrated shape do not allow to set the proper space for optimal development of vortex structures, whilst serpentine and square shapes cannot create local streamwise jets as separate triangular tips do. Another well-studied shape is the plasma vortex generator, an array of streamwise-oriented linear DBDs [26]; this is optimized for creating vortex pairs but not capable of adding direct streamwise momentum to the flow. The specific properties of the present DBD are described in what follows. The shape of a single triangular tip is completely defined by setting its length h and base width w. Then, the ratio r = h/w (tip sharpness) can be defined to characterize it: values of r higher than 1 give progressively higher electric fields and induced velocities, but excessive values can favour the formation of electric arcs or excessive heat that damages the device. The above considerations and the outcome of some bench tests +=AH= +=AH= 6AIJIA?JE )EHBM O NPDF Image | Stall Control by Plasma Actuators: Characterization along the Airfoil Span
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