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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Large volumes of wastewater are generated in the oil and gas industry, and projections show that these volumes will only increase. Currently, the majority of produced water is managed by disposing of it using a practice known as underground injection, where that water can no longer be accessed or used. The limits of injection are evident in some areas, and new approaches are becoming necessary. Some states and stakeholders are asking whether it makes sense to continue to waste this water, particularly in water scarce areas of the country, and what steps would be necessary to treat and renew it for other purposes. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a study evaluating management of produced waters1 from onshore oil and gas extraction activities. The EPA wanted to better understand produced water generation, management, and disposal options at the regional, state and local levels for both conventional and unconventional2 onshore oil and gas extraction. While the EPA looked at a variety of alternatives for reuse of produced water, ultimately, the EPA’s study goal was to evaluate approaches to manage oil and gas extraction wastewaters generated at onshore facilities, including but not limited to an assessment of technologies for facilities that treat and discharge oil and gas extraction wastewaters to surface waters that are regulated under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (for purposes of this report, “surface waters”3). A second goal was to better understand any potential need for, and any concerns over, additional discharge options under the CWA for onshore oil and gas wastewater. The EPA currently regulates discharges of oil and gas wastewater under the oil and gas extraction effluent limitations guidelines and pretreatment standards (ELGs) found at 40 CFR part 435. For onshore oil and gas producers, except West of the 98th meridian4, discharges of pollutants from produced water to surface waters are prohibited. In addition, discharges from centralized waste treatment (CWT) facilities that accept produced water are regulated under ELGs found at 40 CFR part 437. 40 CFR part 437 provides for discharge to surface waters and contains numerical discharge limits for such discharges. The characteristics, quantity and quality of the wastes generated during oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) activities depend upon factors such as the characteristics of the formation, the type of drilling employed, the depth of the well and the Section 1−Executive Summary 1 For purposes of this study, EPA is using the definition of produced water found at 40 CFR Part 435 which is: “the water (brine) brought up from the hydrocarbon-bearing strata during the extraction of oil and gas, and can include formation water, injection water, and any chemicals added downhole or during the oil/water separation process.” 2 EPA defines unconventional oil and gas at 40 CFR 435.33(a)(2)(i) as “crude oil and natural gas produced by a well drilled into a shale and/or tight formation (including, but not limited to, shale gas, shale oil, tight gas, tight oil).” 3Only waters that meet the definition of “waters of the United States” are regulated under the CWA 33 U.S.C. 1362(7). Therefore, the term “surface waters” as used in this report refers to “waters of the United States.” 4 See 40 CFR 435 Subpart E (44 FR 22075). Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 1PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
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