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Section 3−Background produced water characteristics can be found in U.S. EPA, 2016; U.S. EPA, 2016b; and U.S. EPA, 2018. Table 3-1. Type and Purpose of Additives used in Well Development, Stimulation and Maintenance Category of Additive a Example Constituents b Purpose Acid Hydrochloric acid; Removes cement and drilling fluid from casing perforations prior to muriatic acid fracturing fluid injection. Inhibits growth of organisms that could produce gases (particularly Biocide Glutaraldehyde; 2,2-dibromo-3- nitrilopropionamide hydrogen sulfide) that could contaminate methane gas; prevents the growth of bacteria that can reduce the ability of the fluid to carry proppant into the fractures by breaking down the gelling agent. Reduces the viscosity of the fluid by breaking down the gelling agents Breaker Peroxydisulfate salts to release proppant into fractures and enhance the recovery of the fracturing fluid. Creates a brine carrier fluid that prohibits fluid interaction (e.g., Clay Stabilizer Potassium chloride swelling) with formation clays; interaction between fracturing fluid and formation clays could block pore spaces and reduce permeability. Ammonium bisulfite Reduces rust formation on steel tubing, well casings, tools, and tanks Corrosion Inhibitor (used only in fracturing fluids that contain acid). Crosslinker Borate salts; Increases fluid viscosity to allow the fluid to carry more proppant potassium hydroxide into the fractures. Friction Reducer Petroleum distillates Minimizes friction, allowing fracturing fluids to be injected at Gel optimum rates and pressures. Guar gum; Increases fracturing fluid viscosity, allowing the fluid to carry more hydroxyethyl cellulose proppant into the fractures. Iron Control Citric acid Acetic acid; Sequestering agent that prevents precipitation of metal oxides, which could plug the formation. pH Adjusting Agent potassium or sodium carbonate; Adjusts and controls the pH of the fluid to maximize the effectiveness of other additives such as crosslinkers. sodium hydroxide Quartz; Used to hold open the hydraulic fractures, allowing the natural gas or Proppant sand; crude oil to flow to the production well. Scale Inhibitor silica Prevents the precipitation of carbonate and sulfate scales (e.g., methylene phosphonic calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate) in pipes and in acid, polyacrylate the formation. Surfactant Isopropanol; Reduces the surface tension of the fracturing fluids to improve fluid naphthalene recovery from the well after fracture is completed. Sources: U.S. EPA, 2015; Acharya, 2011; FracFocus, 2014; CCST, 2014; ExxonMobil Corporation, 2014. a Operators do not use all of the chemical additives in hydraulic fracturing fluid for a single well: they decide which additives to use on a well-by-well basis. b The specific compounds used in a given fracturing operation will vary depending on company preference, base fluid quality, and site-specific characteristics of the target formation. Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 6PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
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