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Generally, the EPA heard from associations that represent POTWs that these facilities do not want to accept produced water because the treatment technology they employ will not treat produced waters. A primary constituent of concern is TDS and chlorides which are not removed by the treatment technologies in place at the vast majority of POTWs. However, at least one POTW would like to build plants specifically designed to treat produced water for discharge and would like the EPA to revise its regulations to allow POTWs to accept these wastewaters. This POTW indicated that produced water management options are limited in some areas and that building plants suitable for treating and discharging produced water could address capacity limitations. There are many vendors, service providers and water treatment companies currently offering produced water management options for producers and the EPA met with some of them. Several indicated that they are actively exploring treatment technologies to reduce the cost of produced water treatment. They indicated that the cost of treatment that includes desalination is much higher than the cost to reuse produced water in the oil and gas field or to inject into disposal wells. They indicated that recovering and selling co-products is necessary to offset treatment costs and be profitable. One company indicated that it may be difficult to recover these co-products with mobile treatment systems given that extensive pretreatment prior to desalinization is needed to remove contaminants that may otherwise partition into the co-products. Also, establishing markets for co-products can be difficult due to the lack of standard specifications and varying state requirements. It was also stated that it is not easy to treat produced water in some cases due to the high TDS and mineral content which can degrade and damage treatment equipment. Also, residuals management such as TENORM-containing sludges can be a substantial cost. Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 29 Section 4−The EPA’s Outreach to StakeholdersPDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
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