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Abstract J. of Supercritical Fluids 28 (2004) 121–191 Supercritical and near-critical CO2 in green chemical synthesis and processing Eric J. Beckman∗ Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA Received 19 September 2002; received in revised form 3 February 2003; accepted 24 February 2003 Carbon dioxide is often promoted as a sustainable solvent, as CO2 is non-flammable, exhibits a relatively low toxicity and is naturally abundant. However, injudicious use of carbon dioxide in a process or product can reduce rather than enhance overall sustainability. This review specifically examines the use of CO2 to create greener processes and products, with a focus on research and commercialization efforts performed since 1995. The literature reveals that use of CO2 has permeated almost all facets of the chemical industry and that careful application of CO2 technology can result in products (and processes) that are cleaner, less expensive and of higher quality. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Carbon dioxide; Toxicity; Technology 1. Introduction The use of carbon dioxide as a solvent or raw ma- terial has been investigated somewhat continuously in academia and/or industry since 1950; interest in the use of CO2 in these roles has intensified during the past 20 years as large-scale plants using CO2 have been brought on line. While supercritical fluids in gen- eral exhibit interesting physical properties [1], spe- cific interest in CO2 is magnified by its perceived ‘green’ properties—carbon dioxide is non-flammable, relatively non-toxic, and relatively inert. In addition, unlike water, the supercritical regime of CO2 is read- ily accessible, given its critical temperature of only 304 K. ∗ Tel.: +1-412-624-9641 fax: +1-412-624-9639. E-mail address: beckman@engrng.pitt.edu (E.J. Beckman). Whereas the use of carbon dioxide as raw ma- terial or solvent could produce product (property) advantages, process (chemistry) advantages, cost ad- vantages, or safety advantages, in this review we will focus explicitly on uses of CO2 that provide practical improvements (as defined in Section 1.7) to the sus- tainability (or ‘green’-ness) of a product or process. Carbon dioxide is often promoted as a green solvent, and its use in this role has permeated throughout the chemical and materials research communities. Here we describe recent advances that are both fundamental and significant. In summary, rather than present a comprehensive review of CO2-based technology, here we focus on uses of CO2 that are relatively new and appear to provide ‘green’ advantages. It should be noted that there are examples provided in this paper where a CO2-based process is not particularly ‘green’, yet is 0896-8446/$ – see front matter © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0896-8446(03)00029-9PDF Image | Supercritical and near-critical CO2 in green chemical synthesis and processing
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