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processes Article Thermodynamic Analysis of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Internal Combustion Engine Waste Heat Recovery Wan Yu 1,2, Qichao Gong 1,2, Dan Gao 1,2, Gang Wang 1,2,*, Huashan Su 1,2 and Xiang Li 1,2 1 Received: 17 December 2019; Accepted: 10 February 2020; Published: 12 February 2020 Hubei Key Laboratory of Hydroelectric Machinery Design & Maintenance, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; yuwan@ctgu.edu.cn (W.Y.); gqc0828@163.com (Q.G.); gaodan2584116547@163.com (D.G.); suhuashan123456@163.com (H.S.); lx130818@126.com (X.L.) College of Mechanical & Power Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China 2 * Correspondence: gwang2019@126.com Abstract: Waste heat recovery of the internal combustion engine (ICE) has attracted much attention, and the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycle was considered as a promising technology. In this paper, a comparison of four S-CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery from the ICE was presented. Improving the exhaust heat recovery ratio and cycle thermal efficiency were significant to the net output power. A discussion about four different cycles with different design parameters was conducted, along with a thermodynamic performance. The results showed that choosing an appropriate inlet pressure of the compressor could achieve the maximum exhaust heat recovery ratio, and the pressure increased with the rising of the turbine inlet pressure and compressor inlet temperature. The maximum exhaust heat recovery ratio for recuperation and pre-compression of the S-CO2 cycle were achieved at 7.65 Mpa and 5.8 MPa, respectively. For the split-flow recompression cycle, thermal efficiency first increased with the increasing of the split ratio (SR), then decreased with a further increase of the SR, but the exhaust heat recovery ratio showed a sustained downward trend with the increase of the SR. For the split-flow expansion cycle, the optimal SR was 0.43 when the thermal efficiency and exhaust heat recovery ratio achieved the maximum. The highest recovery ratio was 24.75% for the split-flow expansion cycle when the total output power, which is the sum of the ICE power output and turbine mechanical power output, increased 15.3%. The thermal performance of the split-flow expansion cycle was the best compared to the other three cycles. Keywords: supercritical; pressure; thermal efficiency; exhaust heat recovery ratio; split ratio 1. Introduction The internal combustion engine (ICE) has become a primary power source which has been widely applied in vehicles, industrial machineries, agricultural machineries and stationary power units [1]. Improving the total thermal efficiency of the ICE has been widely researched since last century to reduce fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Different ways have been explored to increase ICE efficiency; for example, turbochargers, diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), homogeneous charge compression (HCCI), variable valve timing (VVT) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, more than 50% of the energy from air-fuel mixture combustion cannot be fully utilized [2]. Therefore, more and more attention has focused on how to recover the waste heat of the ICE from waste gas. The organic rankine cycle (ORC) can use low temperature heat, which has some advantages, such as simple structure, high reliability and easy maintenance. Therefore, many researchers are studying on the ORC to recover ICE waste heat [3,4]. The exergy analysis of a two-parallel step ORC for waste heat recovery from an ICE was performed, and R123 was considered as the best working fluid [4]. Processes 2020, 8, 216; doi:10.3390/pr8020216 www.mdpi.com/journal/processesPDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Cycle for ICE Waste Heat Recovery
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