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Processes 2020, 8, 216 2 of 23 Wang et al. [5] compared the part-load performance of four different ORC forms with dynamic math models. The output of electrical power was even improved up to 30% when using integrally the ORC system for a diesel engine [6]. The ICE thermal efficiency increased by 1.2%–3.7% when the engine-ORC system was used [7]. In addition to the ORC, there are many new thermodynamic cycles to use for waste heat. He et al. [8] provided a combined thermodynamic cycle, which consisted of the ORC and Kalina cycle. Compared to the conventional cycle, the cycle had a higher efficiency. Morgan et al. [9] provided a novel intracycle waste heat recovery methodology, enhancing the thermal efficiency. However, the waste heat of an ICE usually has a relative high temperature, which leads to a low recovery efficiency of the ORC. The supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) cycle, which is used for ICE waste heat recovery, is considered as a promising alternative. The S-CO2 has many advantages over the ORC, such as compactness, simplicity, sustainability and superior economy [10]. Song et al. [11] combined an ORC with the S-CO2 cycle for heat recovery to utilize the residual heat, leading to increased thermal efficiency. Wu et al. [12] analyzed the effects of a recuperator on the performances of a CO2 transcritical power cycle for low temperature geothermal plants. The results showed that the overall net power and thermal efficiency of regenerative system were higher than that of the basic system. However, a single recuperated S-CO2 could not fully use the available waste heat. The specific heat of the cold side flow was far more than that of the hot side flow in the recuperator, and it is important for the layout design of the S-CO2 [10]. Therefore, various cycle layouts have been designed and researched to reduce the internal irreversible losses in the recuperator and increase thermal efficiency. A thermodynamic comparison of five S-CO2 cycle layouts was conducted by Fahad et al. [13], and the results showed that the recompression Brayton cycle could achieve the highest thermal efficiency with a value of 52%. Energy and exergy analyses of four different supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle layouts (simple, recompression, partial cooling with recompression and recompression with main compression intercooling) were performed by Padilla et al. [14], and the results indicated recompression with the main compression intercooling Brayton cycle performed the best. The performance of single recuperated and recompression S-CO2 cycles for recovering low temperature waste gas heat was discussed by Mohagheghi [15]. The results suggested that the performance of the recompression cycle was not the best one in terms of net power output. According to the above descriptions, the S-CO2 cycle has been applied in various heat sources such as geothermal power [12,16], nuclear power [17,18], concentrated solar power [13,14], fuel cells [19] and combustion [20,21]. However, there were few studies on waste heat recovery, especially for ICE waste heat. In this paper, a comparison of four S-CO2 cycles (recuperation, pre-compression, split-flow recompression and split-flow expansion) for ICE waste heat recovery was presented. The exhaust heat recovery ratio and cycle thermal efficiency were very important to the net output power. A discussion on the cycle design parameters for four different cycles was conducted, and the major influencing parameters on the thermal efficiency and exhaust heat recovery ratio of each cycle layout were analyzed. 2. System Description 2.1. ICE System Exhaust gas of a 6-cylinder 4-stroke supercharged diesel-oil fired engine was selected as the waste heat source. The main parameters of the engine were introduced in Table 1. The thermodynamic performance of the S-CO2 cycle, which was used to recover waste heat from the ICE, was researched; thus, the engine was considered to work at the rated condition. The mass fraction of the exhaust gases could be calculated as: CO2 = 15.10%, H2O = 5.37%, N2 = 73.04% and O2 = 6.49%, which was used to evaluate the waste gas thermal parameters. The S-CO2 cycles mentioned in this paper were mainly classified into four cycles: recuperation S-CO2 cycle, pre-compression S-CO2 cycle, split-flow recompression S-CO2 cycle and split-flow expansion S-CO2 cycle, and their operating principle was introduced in the following section.PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Cycle for ICE Waste Heat Recovery
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