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typically 20-25MPa. At these conditions, the fluid no longer possesses distinct liquid and vapor states. Most importantly from the perspective of the power cycle, as heat is added to the fluid, its temperature increases continuously, in contrast to a subcritical fluid that undergoes a constant temperature boiling process as it transitions from liquid to vapor state. The absence of a boiling process greatly simplifies the exhaust heat exchanger (EHX) design, eliminating the need for multiple pressures, and separate economizer, boiler and superheater sections. At the same time, the sCO2 EHX coils can use conventional finned tubes, leveraging many years of manufacturing experience. As described above, the residual enthalpy in the expanded fluid is transferred back into the high pressure fluid by one or more recuperators. Few commercially available heat exchangers can support the high pressures and high effectiveness required by sCO2 cycles. Currently, the only commercially available, practical solution is the Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE), a diffusion-bonded stacked-plate design with chemically-etched passages [16]. A similar version of the heat exchanger can be used as a water cooled condenser/cooler, although the lower pressure of this heat exchanger does open possibilities for other configurations. For the present study, PCHEβs are assumed for both types of heat exchanger. Turbomachinery forms the βheartβ of the power cycle, providing both the means to increase the pressure of the fluid and extract energy from the fluid and convert it to mechanical energy. One of the key features of sCO2 power cycles is the small physical size of the turbomachinery, due in part to the high density of the working fluid, and also to the low pressure ratio of the cycle. This small size results in a lower cost, simpler turbomachinery, with lower installation costs. The low cycle pressure ratio also results in single-phase flow within the turbine, avoiding the droplet condensation erosion issues encountered in steam turbines. SUPERCRITICAL CO2 COMMERCIALIZATION Within the last two years, Echogen Power Systems, LLC has developed and is continuing to refine commercial-scale sCO2 cycles and systems specifically for moderate temperature thermal power conversion, including industrial waste heat recovery (WHR) and exhaust heat recovery (EHR) applications. These applications are in the form of sensible enthalpy (that is, π = π€ (h β h ), where π€ is π πππ π π π πππ π π π π π πππππ π πππ π π As the first step in commercialization of sCO2 EHR cycles, Echogen designed the EPS100 (Figure 2), a 7 to 8 MW class heat recovery engine, targeted at small-scale CCGT (~30MWe total output) applications, such as those used in distributed generation or oil and gas applications. The EPS100 recently completed factory validation testing at characterized by heat source temperatures in the 300 to 600Β°C range, and heat that is the mass flow rate of the thermal medium, hπ πππ π π is the enthalpy of the heat source at the inlet of the main heat exchanger, and hπ π π πππππ is the unrecovered enthalpy from the source). The unrecovered enthalpy is that which cannot be recovered from the source, due to cycle limitations, technical limitations (e.g., a minimum allowable stack temperature to avoid condensation in the exhaust), or economic factors. The residual enthalpy is permanently lost to the energy conversion process, generally in the form of thermal energy in the exhaust. 5PDF Image | SUPERCRITICAL CO2 CYCLES FOR GAS TURBINE COMBINED CYCLE
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