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World Scientific News 48 (2016) 133-148 of material in a number, the net voltage which can be driven by the load is generated. Good thermoelectric material has a Seebeck coefficient between of 100 mV / K and 300 mV / K. To achieve a few volts voltage in a charge the many thermoelectric couples must connect in series to form a thermoelectric device (Snyder 2008). Thermoelectric devices with dimensions about 1mm3 in the form of thin films converting heat energy can produce powers exceeding 775 μW/mm3 at a temperature difference of 9K. The most modern thermoelectric modules using thin-film technologies are available in sizes less than 1mm3. It is expected that the thin films of thermoelectrics of sizes 1 mm3 and a temperature difference of 1K will be able to produce powers about values of more than 100 μW/mm3 (Królicka et al. 2012). For a broad application of electricity generation the traditional dynamic thermal methods (Rankin, Brayton or Stirling) have several times more efficiency than thermoelectric systems. The internal combustion engines are cost-effective and efficient in the the power range from 100 W to 100 kW, but they have a tendency to be noisy. However, they are expensive and it is not easily to resize them for small applications. So, for applications requiring power below 100W, the scalability of thermoelectrics gives them an advantage over conventional thermal methods (Snyder 2008). More often thermogenerators are used to generate energy from waste heat in vehicles (Martins et al. 2015, Bass et al. 1994, Matsubara 2002), ships, for recovery in exploited heat in steel mills, refineries, cement plants and for conversion of heat coming from natural sources (generators of solar and geothermal energy, waste incinerators). In view with the directives issued in 2009 by the European Parliament, connecting with tightening the requirements for CO2 emission in passenger cars in the future, currently all the leading automobile companies conduct the programs connecting with conversion of the recovered heat into electricity (Królicka et al. 2012). Cars have limited efficiency about 20%. 1/3 of the power generated is wasted through the exhaust, and another 1/3 by the heat sink. But the exhaust system has a higher temperature, making it more suitable for thermoelectric applications (Snyder 2008). With a capacity of about 1 kW, even relatively inefficient thermoelectrics can be used for acquiring waste heat from car exhaust. Thermoelectric generator will extract waste heat from exhaust gases that allows to recharge the battery. The engine load is then reduced, which increases fuel efficiency even up to 10% (Snyder 2008). Scientists from the AGH created a prototype of the thermoelectric generator which using a car exhaust heat can generate electricity with a power of 200 W (Królicka et al. 2012). In (Chmielewski) demonstrated that, thermoelectric generators are outstandingly suitable as components of passive energy recovery irretrievably dissipative in the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine. Their use in a flue gas exhaust system requires the surface preparation, which must be flat (most vehicles on the road is equipped with exhaust systems of circular cross section), suitably cleaned from contaminants. In addition the tests of increased number of generators were performed. It has been found that thermoelectric generators should be mounted in packages, combining them in series and parallel (Chmielewski). In the project "Swiss roll" the catalytic combustion is located in a small area in order to maintain the high temperature of the source, while the exhaust is routed through a counter- flow heat exchanger to heat the coming gases. Thermal efficiency of such combustion chambers may reach 80-95%. The way to achieve high efficiency of such a device is the use of the fuel cell just prior to catalytic combustion. Single-chamber fuel cell produces electricity when it is placed in a hot air-fuel mixture. Unreacted fuel can be subsequently incinerated by -139-PDF Image | The energy harvesting from waste heat
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