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2.2 Enabling Assets Investments in a number of enabling assets are also necessary to support the use of the primary assets for smart grid applications, hence the function of a smart grid. Among these cross-cutting technologies are: • wide-area communications networks, servers, gateways, etc. • smart meters–beyond what many consider as basic advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) technology, a more fully smart meter could also – support shorter metering intervals approaching 5 minutes or less to support provision of ancillary services and distribution capacity management (rather than the hourly interval generally considered adequate for peak load management at the bulk power systems level) – full two-way communications including to a home-area network to communicate to smart thermostats and appliances – instantaneously read voltage, current, and power factor to support distribution state estimation and optimized system volt-VAR control – offer remote connect/disconnect functionality for reliability and customer service applications • local-area home, commercial building, and industrial energy management and control systems (EMCS) and networks • consumer information interfaces and decision support tools • utility back-office systems, including billing systems. Other key technical ingredients of the smart grid that are similarly cross-cutting, but are typically embedded in assets are: • cyber-security technologies for secure communications for all levels of operation • an interoperability framework, and associated standards and protocols that focus on communications between the various SCADA control domains inherent in the smart grid: including the Independent System Operator/Regional Transmission Organization utility, customer, and aggregator. 2.3 Functions: Operational Objectives Functions are the benefits or applications to which smart grid assets are engaged to improve cost effectiveness, reliability, and energy efficiency of the power system. These can be summarized in broad categories corresponding to the benefits derived: • managing peak load capacity for generation, transmission, and distribution • reducing costs for wholesale operations • providing enhanced reliability/adequate reliability at less cost • providing ancillary services 2.5PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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