PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 064
benefits of removing a barrier such as this. Further refinement of this crude estimate and creating a way to value it is a recommendation for further analysis. 3.2.2 Support Penetration of Renewable Wind Generation This mechanism estimates the impacts of a smart grid in helping to mitigate challenges for integrating wind energy into the electric system. The contribution of electricity generated by wind turbines is increasing due to a combination of the improved economic competitiveness of wind power, state and federal tax credits, state renewable energy portfolio requirements, and consumer desire to purchase “green” electricity. However, the integration of wind energy poses challenges because of the unpredictability and steep ramp rates of wind resources, which must be compensated by the use of more traditional power plants (termed load following or regulation) that increase costs because of redundancy and maintenance to correct increased wear and tear. Smart grid technologies, primarily communication and control over demand response, and distributed generation and storage resources, can help replace fossil fuel capacity used to overcome the unpredictability and ramping issues, and thereby increase the level of wind generation into the electric system (Todd et al. 2009). Wind energy has benefitted greatly from RPSs and tax credits, but it is characterized by intermittency and ramping that requires additional capacity to provide ancillary services in the form of regulation, load following, and scheduling. As discussed in Attachment 1, Mechanism H, a review of efforts to estimate this impact indicates that the electrical system can accommodate penetrations of wind energy on the order of 20% to 25% with only modest increases in the requirements for ancillary services (NWPPC 2007; CAISO 2007). These studies also indicate that wind integration is facilitated in cases where the service area is geographically large and has a diversity of loads. The contribution of the smart grid technology can replace the additional capacity used to provide ancillary services with smart grid assets by using advanced communication and control technologies. The estimated potential reductions in electricity and CO2 emissions attributable to implementation of smart grid technologies are based on the literature review and the author’s experience. The direct impact of saving the fuel used for power plants offering regulation service is estimated based on the analysis in Parsons et al. (2006). Extra fuel is used for power plants because of the inefficiencies of continually changing their output. Parsons et al. (2006) estimated that the regulation requirement increases from 0.65% in the base case to 0.75% at the RPS level of 25%, for a four-utility combined balancing area with a peak load of about 21,000 MW. We estimate that the fuel consumption for a power plant supplying regulation is 20% higher than it is in steady-state operation (with a range of 10% to 30%). Saving this fraction of the energy for the additional regulation required to achieve an RPS of 20%, 0.1% of total U.S. consumption, would result in saving the energy equivalent of 0.02% of U.S. electricity energy consumption and associated carbon emissions, as shown in Table 3.11. Note that 100% of the fuel used by such power plants is not saved, because they are supplying energy in addition to regulation. Rather, they waste fuel by moving their output up and down around their average operating points. 3.34PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
PDF Search Title:
The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 BenefitsOriginal File Name Searched:
PNNL-19112.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)