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5.1.7 Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Controls The issue is that the majority of current knowledge regarding the effectiveness of voltage reduction and controls is empirical, and cannot be validated analytically. Consequently, we do not fully understand how new technologies will interact with CVR and thus be fully exploited. It is recommended to conduct additional research to improve understanding about the fundamental nature of CVR and how it can be exploited to interact with demand response and distributed energy resources to provide improved system operation with energy, capacity, and emission benefits. 5.1.8 Support Penetration of Solar Generation (Renewable Portfolio Standard > 20%) The issue is that the tipping point where solar PV “helps” the system to become a limiting factor that is detrimental to the system cannot be simply stated, because of the variability of the solar resource and the size and diversity of the system. Additional research is needed to determine the feasible limit with existing technologies and to determine new operating strategies based on smart grid monitoring and control capabilities that allow for greater penetration of solar PV. 5.1.9 Support Penetration of Renewable Wind Generation (Renewable Portfolio Standard >20%) The issue and recommendation is virtually identical to that for the integration of solar PV to determine the limit to integration of wind resources and the smart-grid-based operating and control strategies that consider load size and diversity, storage, and demand response to provide guidelines for implementation efforts. 5.2 Additional Issues A number of issues not connected to the nine mechanisms examined in this report may impact the penetration of smart grid technologies: • Proof of the cost effectiveness of smart grid technologies on the demand side may cause difficulty at state regulatory hearings for demand response resources (SmartGridNews.com 2009b). Related issues may be 1) the integration of smart grid elements into the IRP methodology commonly used by utilities and regulatory commissions, and 2) the inclusion of the monetized value of carbon, and 3) the inclusion of the monetized value of other emissions and impacts. • An account of the energy and carbon savings that will accrue with the integration of solar PV and wind due to the reduction in unaccounted for parasitic loads associated with the operation of fossil- fuel powered plants (these loads increase with carbon capture) and transmission of electricity. • An account of the energy and carbon savings that will result from a decrease in reactive power and a decrease in the load on the T&D networks . • Development of a quantitative method to monetize improvements in power reliability and quality, and reductions in T&D congestion that will be realized with smart grid operations. • Even though energy and CO2 emissions typically go hand-in-hand, the smart grid may produce a greater reduction in CO2 emissions than in energy use in cases in which the load is reduced from CO2- 5.3PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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