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Fischer (2008) contends that these results favor the capabilities offered by smart metering and two-way communication, which provides an effective way of engaging the consumer and providing tailored feedback. The specific energy-use reductions achieved range from 5% to 20%, with a median of approximately 6% (Fischer 2008). Similar results have been observed in utility field studies reviewed by Faruqui et al. (2009). The values range widely due to substantial differences in research methodology. The reductions in electricity and CO2 emissions calculated in Attachment 2 are based on the literature review and the author’s experience. It is estimated that a direct reduction of 6% in electricity consumption, with a range of 1% to 10%, can be achieved in the residential and small/medium commercial building sectors through implementation of smart grid technologies. No indirect reductions in electricity or capacity are expected. A.4 Recommendations for Additional Work and/or Consideration The studies reviewed above provide convincing evidence that consumers will change their energy consumption behavior in response to feedback, and that the conditions surrounding feedback, such as frequency and specificity, are influential variables. This implies that a smart grid/metering system may yield considerable savings, both in terms of end-use conservation as well as its basic goal–time-of-use load shifting. This section discusses some of the behavior-oriented research questions that need to be addressed in relation to larger-scale implementation of smart grid/metering systems to ensure that the potential savings from behavioral changes are realized, and discusses research approaches to address these questions. There are several methodological issues raised by the research reviewed above. The primary issue is the extent to which results are influenced by self-selection of sample respondents; they would generally appear to be a very motivated group of subjects with higher levels of environmental concerns and most likely higher levels of self-efficacy. Would the conservation and efficiency effects observed in the feedback studies be observed with a broader range of participants? A general research approach to this issue would be to implement a large-scale (several thousand households) smart-metering program in selected geographic areas, and to provide only explanatory material concerning the new equipment–which would include the potential for self-generated savings, but otherwise involve no change in rates or incentive structure. Instead, any behavioral changes would be based on “discovery” by the end users interacting with the technology, and receiving commensurate feedback on savings. A second methodological issue pertains to the sustainability of the conservation and efficiency effects observed. Very few studies evaluated the durability of effects, and those that did found mixed results. The most encouraging result came from a Danish study using EcoTeams that provided a social component to the feedback (Stats et al. 2004), and found that conservation effects were maintained 24 months after the intervention. It is important that large-scale implementations take steps to ensure that behavior change is maintained and rebound effects are prevented. In the proposed large-scale sample described above, the first step in studying this issue would be to analyze the savings effects observed from metering on a longitudinal basis–perhaps 24 months. This could be followed by a recruitment process based on consistently observed savings (or lack thereof) over the longitudinal period to conduct structured debriefings of households showing various effects. A.4PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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