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The program includes a reimbursement incentive, aggregation incentive, and a controllable appliance aggregation incentive. PLRP incentives differ by program component with PDRE, receiving the largest incentive at $225-$475/kW, while LC/S incentives are $45-$175/kW and DEGI incentives are $125/kW. Interval meter incentives are $1200 to $2500/meter. The evaluation results from 2001 to 2003 are presented in Table B.3. The program resulted in a 355,302 kW reduction in demand, with 49% of the savings realized through IM and 27% realized through LC/S. PDRE generated the level of savings among the four programs, accounting for 4% of total savings. The realization rates shown in Table B.3 represent the ratio of M&V adjusted program savings to initial estimates of project savings (York and Kushler 2005). Table B.3. NYSERDA PLRP Demand Reductions and Realization Rate, 2001-2003 Program Path LC/S IM Source: York and Kushler (2005) M&V Evaluation-Adjusted Demand Reduction (kW) 95,912 174,668 Realization Rate (actual as % of estimated) 104 88 PDRE 14,993 102 DEGI 69,729 100 PLRP Total 355,302 Integrated energy efficiency/demand response approaches have also targeted residential customers. The Chicago-based Community Energy Cooperatives launched a residential integrated energy efficiency/demand response program in 2002 called the Energy-Smart Pricing Plan (ESPP). The program was designed to provide customers with tools and information to better manage their energy use based on price signals given by the market. In the ESPP, customers received day-ahead price information and special alerts regarding price spikes. In the first year of the program (2004), customers saved approximately $12/month (equivalent to a 20% reduction in price). Program activity suggests the program was immediately effective. Of those customers participating in the ESPP, 76% indicated that they now turn off lights more, 28% were more likely to turn up their air conditioner settings, 50% were more likely to do laundry at night, and 13% installed insulation or weather stripping (York and Kushler 2005). There is also a technological overlap between energy efficiency and demand response. For example, energy management and control systems (EMCS) enable customers to monitor, analyze, and control building systems and equipment to run in an energy efficient manner. EMCS technology can both reduce peak load energy demand and promote energy efficiency. EMCS applications continue to expand in the United States. In 2003, 7% of commercial buildings covering 31% of total square footage nationwide used an EMCS. Energy savings due to EMCS deployment is estimated at 10% to 20% of total energy demand (Kiliccote and Piette 2005). B.5PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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