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cooling equipment is about 1.03 quads annually, and packaged heat pumps use an additional 0.1 quad of source energy. As with residential, there are no reliable estimates for equipment operation, but it is estimated that savings of 10% to 30% of the energy consumed by these units is achievable by correcting operation problems (Ardehali and Smith 2002; Claridge et al. 1996; EIA 2002). Conservatively, 10% to 20% is attributed to soft failures that go unnoticed and are compensated by equipment overwork, and the additional 10% is due to hard failures that require a service call. In the case of residential systems, there are no reliable estimates available on the operation of HVAC appliances nationwide, but many regional studies have noted that HVAC systems are not properly maintained in many homes, leading to 15% to 30% in HVAC energy waste (Neme et al. 1999). C.3 Summary Buildings connected to the smart grid can save energy and money through enhanced operation from actions as simple as night setback to responding to time-of-use and/or peak load energy prices. A second service that the smart grid can provide is scheduling routine maintenance. Improved maintenance would also reduce emissions of CFC refrigerants for those units not yet using HCFC refrigerants. Furthermore, better maintenance leads to longer equipment lives, reduced waste, and extended landfill lives. The third service is AFDD to remotely identify and diagnose real and potential problems. There is considerable value to customers in detecting and repairing heating and air-conditioning equipment before it fails to provide comfort and requires service. The reductions in electricity and CO2 emissions calculated in Attachment 2 are based on the literature review and the author’s experience. It is estimated that direct reductions are 15% in residential sectors for heating and cooling electricity, with a range of 10% to 20%, and 20% in small/medium commercial building sectors for HVAC and lighting, and a range of 10% to 30%, can be achieved through implementation of smart grid technologies. No indirect reductions in electricity or capacity are expected. C.4 Recommendations Many technologies are required to enable diagnostics in buildings through the smart grid. Some of these are being developed and marketed today; others are missing from the marketplace. Generic technologies that are needed or could contribute to cost-effective automated energy management include: • technologies that enhance system operation in residential and small commercial buildings – automated fault detection and diagnostics – automated commissioning – condition-based maintenance – ventilation system management • technologies that facilitate peak load management • smart thermostat with local/remote communication capabilities for residential and small commercial buildings • price-based controls for large commercial buildings that have building automation systems • technologies that allow for coordination and integration with other systems in residential and small commercial buildings. C.3PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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