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curves of 12 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) sub-regions. Data are based on 2002 system load information for 8760 hours.1 150,000 140,000 130,000 120,000 110,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Following dispatch merit order principles based on cost, CTs will meet the peak loads dispatched as the very last power plant category. This is the generation at the top-left corner of the load duration curve (as seen in Figure E.2). The size of the CT generation “wedge” to be shifted to off-peak-load periods is limited by the demand response or distributed storage capability in each region, assumed to be 10% of the peak load. The size of the CT generation wedge can then be estimated as the area under the load duration curve, defined by the height corresponding to the installed capacity of CTs or 10% of peak load, whichever is less (as seen in Figure E.2). In general, the load is shifted to natural-gas-fired combined-cycle power plants, which reduces energy input and CO2 emissions because of their lower heat rates (higher fuel efficiency). For regions in which there is relatively less combined-cycle capacity and coal-fired power plants predominate (East Central Area Reliability Coordinating Agreement [ECAR], Mid-America Interconnected Network , and Mid- Continent Area Power Pool), a portion of the energy was shifted to coal-fired power plants based on the judgment of the author. This produces energy savings because of their lower heat rates, but causes higher CO2 emissions because of the higher carbon content of coal compared to natural gas. The net results of the displacement size of CT generation and its substitution by off-peak-load power are shown in Table E.1. 1 Data were obtained from NERC 2/24/2006. ECAR ERCOT MACC MAIN MAPP NPCC(US) FRCC SERC SPP PNW AZN&RMP CNV Figure E.1. Load Duration Curves by 12 NERC Sub-Regions (2002) Hours E.2 MW 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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