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Mechanism G: Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Control G.1 Introduction Traditionally, distribution utilities have operated under the premise that they have no control over the amount of power consumed by the end users. This has forced the design of a power generation and delivery system that is focused on being able to meet the peak load system demand−a goal that is achieved at substantial cost. Additionally, in an economically competitive environment older, less efficient generating units are more likely to be run when there is a high demand for power, increasing the system’s overall emissions. Since the 1980s, it has been postulated that it is possible for a utility to lower the voltage on a distribution feeder to reduce energy consumption (Lauria 1987). The basic premise is that electrical loads draw less power at lower voltages, consuming less power and reducing line losses because of the reduced load. Another benefit is that if this reduction is performed during peak load, then it is less likely that older, less efficient generating units would need to be run, due to the load reduction. The process of operating a distribution system at a lower voltage to reduce energy consumption is referred to as conservation voltage reduction (CVR). While there are examples of distribution utilities that have implemented CVR systems, they have done so without many of the technologies that constitute the smart grid. In the absence of a strong communications infrastructure and controllable devices on the feeder, these utilities have controlled the voltage reduction only at the substation. While this operational strategy has yielded measureable reductions in energy consumption, both on- and off-peak load, smart grid technologies could further improve these reductions in energy consumption and CO2 emissions through advanced monitoring and control strategies. G.2 Review G.2.1 The CVR Effect When the concept of CVR was initially proposed, there was considerable debate about its validity. The reason for the skepticism was that not all electrical loads respond to voltage changes in the same way. A simple electrical load, such as an incandescent light bulb or resistive heating element, will consume less power when the voltage is reduced. A load such as an induction motor could draw the same amount of power but will draw more current, which will result in higher line losses. Therefore, the effectiveness of CVR is a function of the loads connected to the distribution feeder. The result is that feeders in regions that utilize resistive residential heating will behave differently from feeders in regions that utilize heat pumps. Another factor to take into account is whether the energy consumed was truly conserved or just deferred when voltage is reduced; this is a major concern with thermostatic loads. Resistive heating elements controlled by a thermostat will consume less power when the voltage is lower, thus producing less heat, but will remain on longer to achieve the desired heating set point. The net result is that while the peak load power was reduced, the same amount of energy was consumed. While the same amount of power may be consumed, distributing it over a longer time may mitigate the need to run less efficient G.1PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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