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– The percentage of emission reductions (approximately 2%) were calculated by dividing the quantity of energy reductions (102 B kWh) by the total electricity supplied to the grid (4968 B kWh - AEO) times total utility sector emissions (2948 MMT -AEO). Assumptions • Residential sector savings of 15% from range of 10% to 20% and commercial sector savings of 20% from range of 10% to 30%. • Penetration = 100% • The share of residential sector electricity heating consumed by heat pumps in 2030 is the same as in 2005. • Small/Medium Commercial buildings are defined as less than 50,000 ft2 in floor area. • The 2030 Small/Medium Commercial building share of total commercial sector electricity consumption for HVAC is the same as the 2003 share. Data Sources • 2005 Share of residential electricity consumed by heat pumps is 27%. Source: RECS 2005, Table HC2.4. Space Heating Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005. • Residential Sector electricity consumption in 2030 for heating is 0.33 quad and air conditioning is 1.04 quads. Source: AEO 2008 (DOE/EIA-0383), Table 4. Residential Sector Key Indicators and Consumption • Commercial Sector electricity consumption is 1941 B kWh in 2030 Source: AEO 2008 (DOE/EIA-0383), Table 8. Electricity Supply, Disposition, Prices, and Emissions; Electricity Sales by Sector • Small/Medium Commercial building HVAC consumption as share of total commercial sector consumption in 2003 is 26% Source: 2003 CBECS Detailed Tables, Table E5A. Electricity Consumption (kWh) by End Use for All Buildings, 2003 • Electricity Supply in 2030 is 4968 B kWh Source: AEO 2008 (DOE/EIA-0383), Table 8. Electricity Supply, Disposition, Prices, and Emissions; Total Net Generation to the Grid • Electric Utility CO2 Emissions in 2030 is 2948 MMT Source: AEO 2008 (DOE/EIA-0383), Table 18. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Sector and Source; Electric Power Total 2.6PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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