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energies Article Influence of the Thermal Energy Storage Strategy on the Performance of a Booster Heat Pump for Domestic Hot Water Production System Based on the Use of Low Temperature Heat Source Ximo Masip, Emilio Navarro-Peris * and José M. Corberán Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería Energética (IUIIE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain; xmasip@iie.upv.es (X.M.); corberan@ter.upv.es (J.M.C.) * Correspondence: emilio.navarro@iie.upv.es Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 9 December 2020; Published: 14 December 2020 Abstract: Energy recovery from a low temperature heat source using heat pump technology is becoming a popular application. The domestic hot water demand has the characteristic of being very irregular along the day, with periods in which the demand is very intensive and long periods in which it is quite small. In order to use heat pumps for this kind of applications efficiently, the proper sizing and design of the water storage tank is critical. In this work, the optimal sizing of the two possible tank alternatives, closed stratified tank and variable-water-volume tank, is presented, and their respective performance compared, for domestic hot water production based on low temperature energy recovery in two potential applications (grey water and ultra-low temperature district heating). The results show that the efficiency of these kind of systems is very high and that variable-water-volume tanks allow a better use of the energy source, with an 8% higher exergy efficiency and around 3% better seasonal performance factor (SPF), being able to provide similar comfort levels with a smaller system size. Keywords: domestic hot water DHW; heat pump; thermal energy storage TES; waste heat; exergy analysis; ultra low temperature district heating; energy efficiency; size optimization 1. Introduction A problem that is often debated nowadays is that of the increase of the total primary energy consumption worldwide. It has several associated critical global problems like climate change or the sustainability of it derived from a limited amount of resources. Its solution without affecting the people level of comfort will be one of the biggest challenges for the next years. The European Union (EU) intends to address this problem with a long-term strategy promoting the use of renewable sources of energy and increasing the efficiency of the systems in order to decrease the CO2 emissions to the 80–95% level regarding the levels of 1990 [1]. According to the EU, the residential sector, which actually accounts for the 40% energy consumption and 36% of the CO2 emissions in Europe [2], could reduce 90% of the CO2 emissions for 2050 by the introduction of the concept of near zero energy buildings (NZEB), the refurbishment of the old buildings, the replacement of the fossil fuels, the introduction of renewable energies, and also the recovery of waste energy [1]. At the present time, the average European household space heating consumption accounts for 64.7%, being thus the major consumption; whereas the water heating consumption only accounts for 14.5% [3]. With the introduction of the Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept, the EU targets to reduce the space heating energy consumption to a great extent. Therefore, the percentage associated to water heating will largely increase and will play a key role in the EU objective of decarbonization for 2050. Nevertheless, and contrarily to the space heating consumption, the water heating consumption Energies 2020, 13, 6576; doi:10.3390/en13246576 www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Strategy Booster Heat Pump Low Temp
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