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Energies 2020, 13, 6576 10 of 24 • Tank volume do not have so much impact as the SHP in the energy consumption of the system. • When the SHP increases its size, the use of small tanks penalizes the efficiency of the system. • For each SHP size, exists an optimum tank volume for a fixed value of the parameter alpha. In that sense, for a given SHP size, the use of a tank smaller than the optimum will penalize more the system efficiency than the use of a tank larger than the optimum. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 25 • • • • As the SHP size is reduced, the number of SHP operation hours increases, the tank volume has a AlsimthieteSdHiPnflsiuzeniscereodnuctehde,wthoernkuinmgbheoruofrsSHanPdofpoerrathtieonsahmouerSsHinPcrseiazse,st,hthisetiamnke vinocluremaseehsaslightly a wlimithitetdheininflcureenacseonf the wtaonrkivnogluhmouer.s and for the same SHP size, this time increases slightly with the increase of the tank volume. Alpha: This parameter affects the energy consumption indirectly. Although it does not have a Alpha: This parameter affects the energy consumption indirectly. Although it does not have a major relevance in the total energy consumption (see Figure 5), as its value increases, the minimum major relevance in the total energy consumption (see Figure ), as its value increases, the tank volume increases and in this way, more combinations of SHP-tank sizes are included in the minimum tank volume increases and in this way, more combinations of SHP-tank sizes are cases that comply with comfort conditions. This fact allows to include as feasible solutions more included in the cases that comply with comfort conditions. This fact allows to include as feasible cases with low SHP-tank sizes that usually correspond with the lowest energy consumption cases. solutions more cases with low SHP-tank sizes that usually correspond with the lowest energy Therefore, although alpha does not have a direct influence on the energy consumption, to select consumption cases. Therefore, although alpha does not have a direct influence on the energy high alpha values allows to include in the possible configurations SHP-tank volumes smaller consumption, to select high alpha values allows to include in the possible configurations SHP- which tends to increase the efficiency of the system. tank volumes smaller which tends to increase the efficiency of the system. Figure 5. Annual energy consumption as a function of the tank volume and alpha value for a subcooled Figure 5. Annual energy consumption as a function of the tank volume and alpha value for a heat pump size of 10% (2.35 kW), 20% (4.7 kW), and 30% (9.4 kW) (from left to right). subcooled heat pump size of 10% (2.35 kW), 20% (4.7 kW), and 30% (9.4 kW) (from left to right). 3.2.2. Stratified Case Results without Water Heat Source Limitation 3.2.2. Stratified Case Results without Water Heat Source Limitation Stratified Case Results with Bypass Stratified Case Results with Bypass The results corresponding to the stratified case with bypass, considering that there is no energy The results corresponding to the stratified case with bypass, considering that there is no energy recovery when the SHP is switched off, are presented in Figures 6–8. In them, the results for the recovery when the SHP is switched off, are presented in Figure 6, 7 and 8. In them, the results for the different values of the optimization variables: SHP size and tank volume for the 1st, 4th, and 7th node, different values of the optimization variables: SHP size and tank volume for the 1st, 4th, and 7th respectively, are illustrated. The performance map for the annual energy consumption and the SHP node, respectively, are illustrated. The performance map for the annual energy consumption and the working hours are included for each case. SHP working hours are included for each case. Similarly, to the variable-water-volume, the best results are obtained for the lowest values of SHP size dominates over the tank size from the energy consumption point of view, however in this case, the tank volume has a higher influence on the energy consumption of the system. Regarding the control node, the best results are obtained for the highest position. However, as low is the position of the control node in the tank, there are more SHP-tank combinations satisfying the comfort restrictions imposed to the problem. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the highest position for the control node is the optimal one but for these cases, the design of the system is more critical, as the allowed tank and SHP sizes are more restricted. Figure 6. Performance maps for the control node placed in the 1st node of the annual energy consumption and working hours for the values of SHP and tank size.PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Strategy Booster Heat Pump Low Temp
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