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Energies 2021, 14, 204 13 of 14 Table 3. Experimental module (TEC1-12706) effective material properties. Parameter Seebeck coefficient Electrical resistivity TE thermal conductivity Number of thermocouples The leg length of the TE element The cross-sectional area of the TE element The dimensionless figure of merit at 298 K 5. Conclusions Value α = 406.711 μV/K ρ = 1.168 × 10−3 Ω·cm k = 0.058 W/(cm·K) n = 110 Le = 1.35 mm Ae = 1 mm2 ZT = 0.726 References A TEG system for waste heat recovery from semi-truck automotive engines’ exhaust was designed analytically and experimentally validated. The analytical design was for- mulated based on six energy-balance equations which covered enthalpy flow, convection heat transfer, and the ideal thermoelectric equations for the hot and cold junctions. The system was solved at steady state to determine the energy balance, as well as the junctions and ambient temperatures at the cold and hot sides of the system. Simultaneously, the load resistance and the number of couples of the TEG module were optimized until the maximum power output for one module reached 12.5 W. The heat sink was designed independently of the TEG module, and its fins’ thickness and spacing were optimized to allow maximum exploitation of the waste heat flow. For the whole TEG system, 100 TEG modules were used. The total power output produced by the TEG system was 1.25 kW, representing 20% of the semi-truck engine’s alternator power requirement, and a power density of 1.4 W/cm2. Moreover, an experiment was conducted based on the commercially available TEG module in order to study the accuracy of the analytical model, where the measured junction temperatures and output power demonstrated good agreement with the theoretical results. Finally, the use of the effective material properties showed their significant influence on the improvement of the analytical design results’ accuracy, as they incorporated the contact resistances and Thomson effect. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, F.A.; methodology, F.A.; software, A.A.; validation, A.A.; formal analysis, A.A.; investigation, F.A.; resources, F.A.; data curation, A.A.; writing—original draft preparation, F.A.; writing—review and editing, F.A.; visualization, F.A.; supervision, A.A.; project administration, F.A. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: The authors acknowledge with thanks the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, for technical and financial support. The authors also would like to thank Alwaleed Alshehri, Feras Maghrabi, and Moaaz Alsaigh for their help with this project especially with the experiment. Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge with thanks the Deanship of Scientific Research. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Khan, M.; Subramaniyan, M.; Gurusamy, M. Power generation from waste heat of vehicle exhaust using thermo electric generator: A review. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 402, 12174. [CrossRef] 2. Fagehi, H. Optimal Design of Automotive Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator (AETEG). Master’s Thesis, Westren Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA, 2016; p. 764. 3. Fagehi, H.; Attar, A.; Lee, H. Optimal Design of an Automotive Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator. J. Electron. Mater. 2018, 47, 3983–3995. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) System for Automotive Exhaust
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