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Materials 2020, 13, 4980 Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 12 6 of 12 later. Mica:30BT/PVDF F10 0 -10 -20 E 60 30 0 -30 -60 -90 -120 -150 Fiigurree22..Oppeenn-c-icricrucuitivtovlotaltgaeg(ele(flte)fat)nadntdhethsheosrht-ocrirt-ccuiirtccuuitrrceunrtr(ernigth(tr)igmheta)smureeamsuernetmsfeonrtdsifffoerrednitffpeareirnst opfapiroslyomfperosl.ymTheersp.aTihrsePpAa6ir6s:PPA(6A6,:BPP),(PA,6B6):,SPEAB6S6(:CSE,DB)Sa(nCd,DM)iacnad:30MBiTc/aP:3V0DBFT/(PEV,FD),Fm(Eea,Fs)u,rmedeausnudrerd wuinthdearRwit=h 5a MRLΩ= u5nMdeΩr uconndsetrancot nfosrtcaent(1fo0rNce) (i1n0cNon)tianctc-osenptacrta-tsieopnamraotidoen. mode. L Among the different pairs of materials measured (Table 1B), Figure 2 illustrates, as representative Thus, the above materials allow us to generate up to 150 V per cycle through the triboelectric examples, the triboelectric performance of PA66:PP, PA66:SEBS and Mica:30BT/PVDF. The output effect in contact-separation mode, suitable for low-power devices [22], as it will be demonstrated voltages per cycle of these pair of materials are between approximately 60 and 150 V (in average for Voltage (V) Current (mA) -30 012345012345 Time (s) Time (s) 40 cycles) and the current generated per cycle ranges between 12 to 30 μA, for the same experimental Based on the representative experimental results shown in Figure 2, the output voltage and conditions. Further, it is to notice that the 30BT/PVDF sample shows piezoelectric properties (due to current triboelectric output of all materials pairs are shown in Figure 3 and Table 2 as a function of the piezoelectric ceramic material) that contribute to a piezoelectric voltage generation in each cycle the external load resistance (RL) in the range from 0.5 to 100 MΩ. All systems show a similar electrical (mechano-electrical conversion), together with the triboelectric energy generation, as can be observed output response with a maximum output power for RL = 3 to 10 MΩ. Increasing RL leads to an output in Figure 3E,F. It is to notice that the piezoelectric voltage generation is small in comparison to the voltage increase and a decrease of the current, leading to maximum output power (Power (P) = triboelectric contribution. voltage × current) at the interception of these [16]. Literature reports a wide amplitude of the voltages and currents generated in triboelectric systems, The power output performance depends on several factors, such as triboelectric charge from some volts to thousands of volts [29–33], and current typically ranging up to hundreds of providing/receiving [11,34] and physical properties of the materials [35,36]. It is shown in the μA [31–34]. The voltage and current output values obtained in the present work are competitive with literature that materials further apart in providing/receiving electrons lead to a larger triboelectric the literature, considering the use of pristine materials without any kind of surface treatment. output than materials close to each other, which may exchange small amounts of charge [34]. Thus, the above materials allow us to generate up to 150 V per cycle through the triboelectric Roughness is also a key factor for triboelectric energy generation. It has been experimentally effect in contact-separation mode, suitable for low-power devices [22], as it will be demonstrated later. demonstrated for different polymer-based materials that increasing roughness leads to an increase in Based on the representative experimental results shown in Figure 2, the output voltage and the output power of the triboelectric materials [35–37]. current triboelectric output of all materials pairs are shown in Figure 3 and Table 2 as a function The triboelectric performance of the PA66:SEBS pair is represented in Figure 3A, showing a P = of the external load resistance (R ) in the range from 0.5 to 100 MΩ. All systems show a similar 0.90 mW at a RL = 5 MΩ. It is to noLtice that these materials are close in the triboelectric series, but one electrical output response with a maximum output power for R = 3 to 10 MΩ. Increasing R leads prevalent factor, surface roughness, also plays a relevant roleL, as mentioned before. SolveLnt cast to an output voltage increase and a decrease of the current, leading to maximum output power samples present higher roughness than commercial ones, leading to a higher surface area, resulting (Power (P) = voltage × current) at the interception of these [16]. in improved triboelectric performance. Also, the samples prepared by hot-pressing, such as PA66, show a larger surface roughness and, as a consequence, the PA66:PP pair shows a P = 5.94 mW for RL = 5 MΩ, as is shown in Table 2.PDF Image | Triboelectric Energy Harvesting vs Polymer-Based Materials
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