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Materials 2020, 13, 4980 10 of 12 The circuit follows a traditional DO-35 Schottky (D1 to D4) rectifier bridge topology with an output electrolytic capacitor for energy storage, powering a load composed by a manual switch button, the LED and the resistor (Figure 4C). This setup enables the energy to be stored and manually discharge over the load when the voltage level is suitable. When the capacitor is charged, using a light switch, the LED was lighted on and the respective voltage drop at the capacitor ends was observed (Figure 4C). By using Mica:30BT/PVDF or PA66:PP pairs it is possible to charge the 15 μF (capacitor with 25 to 30 cycles, the capacitor being able to turn on the LED for a few seconds) (Figure 4D). It is to notice that this is achieved with a small active area of 46.4 × 10−4 m2 in each material. Thus, by increasing the active area of the materials to 0.14 m2, the capacitor could be charged in just one cycle. Thus, implemented in an example, a human walking can generate in a few steps enough energy to power the LEDs, taking into account the weight and area of the shoe. 4. Conclusions The triboelectric effect using a polymers as active materials can be used to harvest energy for low-power devices. This work compares pairs of materials in different places within the triboelectric series, showing that not just the place within the triboelectric series, but also the surface roughness and the dielectric constant play a critical role in determining, to some extent, triboelectric power output. Thus, PVDF composite with higher dielectric constant (2.5 × higher) than pristine polymer generates 10 × and 15 × times larger power (3.89 mW) when compared to commercial or solvent-based PVDF. Pairs of polymers PA66:PP (P = 5.94 mW) and Mica:30BT/PVDF (P = 3.89 mW) show the larger triboelectric output power among the evaluated materials. Rubber-like material, such as SEBS, present good triboelectric performance with both negative and positive materials (PA66 and Mica). Finally, it was shown that the generated triboelectric energy can be stored in a 15 μF capacitor and, after 30 cycles, allows the powering of a LED or other low-power application. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, P.C. and S.L.-M.; methodology, T.R.-M. and N.C.; validation, T.R.-M., P.C. and S.L.-M.; formal analysis, T.R.-M. and N.C.; investigation, T.R.-M., N.C., V.C. and P.C.; resources, S.L.-M.; writing—original draft preparation, P.C. and V.C.; writing—review and editing, P.C. and S.L.-M.; visualization, S.L.-M.; supervision, P.C. and S.L.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2020 and projects UIDB/05549/2020 and TSSiPRO-NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000015. The authors also thank the F.C.T. for financial support under grants SFRH/BD/140242/2018 (T.R.M.), SFRH/BPD/98109/2013 (P.C.). Finally, the authors acknowledge funding by Spanish State Research Agency (A.E.I.) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and from the Basque Government Industry and Education Department under the ELKARTEK, HAZITEK and PIBA (PIBA-2018-06) programs, respectively, are also acknowledged. Acknowledgments: The authors thank the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia for financial support under framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2020 and projects UIDB/05549/2020 and TSSiPRO-NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000015. The authors also thank the F.C.T. for financial support under grants SFRH/BD/140242/2018 (T.R.M.), SFRH/BPD/98109/2013 (P.C.). Finally, the authors acknowledge funding by Spanish State Research Agency (A.E.I.) and the European Regional Development Fund (E.R.F.D.) through the project PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and from the Basque Government Industry and Education Department under the ELKARTEK, HAZITEK and PIBA (PIBA-2018-06) programs, respectively, are also acknowledged. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Li, J.; Zhang, X.; Ali, S.; Khan, Z. Eco-innovation and energy productivity: New determinants of renewable energy consumption. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 271, 111028. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Chen, C.; Pinar, M.; Stengos, T. Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model. Energy Policy 2020, 139, 111295. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Triboelectric Energy Harvesting vs Polymer-Based Materials
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