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nanomaterials Article Preparation and Tribological Properties of WS2 Hexagonal Nanoplates and Nanoflowers Xianghua Zhang 1,*, Jiangtao Wang 2, Hongxiang Xu 1, Heng Tan 1 and Xia Ye 1 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China; jxxhx@jsut.edu.cn (H.X.); tanheng@jsut.edu.cn (H.T.); yexia@jsut.edu.cn (X.Y.) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China; jxwjt@jsut.edu.cn 2 * Correspondence: zxh@jsut.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-519-8695-3212 Received: 27 April 2019; Accepted: 27 May 2019; Published: 1 June 2019 Abstract: This paper presents the facile synthesis of two different morphologies of WS2 nanomaterials— WS2 hexagonal nanoplates and nanoflowers—by a sulfurization reaction. The phases and morphology of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tribological performance of the two kinds of WS2 nanomaterials as additives in paraffin oil were measured using a UMT (Universal Mechanical Tester)-2 tribotester. The results demonstrated that the friction and wear performance of paraffin oil can be greatly improved with the addition of WS2 nanomaterials, and that the morphology and content of WS2 nanomaterials have a significant effect on the tribological properties of paraffin oil. The tribological performance of lubricating oil was best when the concentration of the WS2 nanomaterial additive was 0.5 wt %. Moreover, the paraffin oil with added WS2 nanoflowers exhibited better tribological properties than paraffin oil with added WS2 hexagonal nanoplates. The superior tribological properties of WS2 nanoflowers can be attributed to their special morphology, which contributes to the formation of a uniform tribo-film during the sliding process. Keywords: WS2; lubricant additives; tribological properties 1. Introduction In recent years, the global energy crisis and environmental pollution have been serious problems. Now, the regulatory requirements for reducing energy consumption and avoiding energy losses are becoming more stringent. Because of this, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions has become an important focus for researchers. According to recent research by Holmberg et al., the friction of engines, gearboxes, tires, auxiliary equipment, and brakes in heavy vehicles consumes 33% of fuel energy [1], friction in cars consumes 28% of fuel energy [2], and the energy consumed by internal friction in the entire paper mill accounts for 15–25% [3]. Therefore, many attempts have been made to introduce various methods to overcome friction. Lubrication is known to be one of the most effective ways to reduce friction and wear, and the antifriction effect of lubricating oil is mainly affected by the lubricant additive. Recent studies have found that some nanomaterials have good antifriction performance due to their special structure. Therefore, increasing attention is now being paid to the use of nanomaterials as lubricant additives to improve the tribological properties of lubricating oil. In the past few years, a variety of nanomaterials have been used as lubricant additives, and their tribological properties have been extensively studied. These materials can be classified into the following categories. The first type is metallic nanoparticles, including Cu, Fe, Ni, etc. [4–6]. The second includes carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene [7–10]. The third is composed of the transition metal chalcogenides, containing MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, WSe2, etc. [11–15]. The last category Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 840; doi:10.3390/nano9060840 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterialsPDF Image | Tribological Properties of WS2 Hexagonal Nanoplates Nanoflowers
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