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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 840 8 of 10 There is a great deal of literature regarding the antifriction and antiwear mechanisms of nanomaterials as lubricant additives, and they can be summarized into the following three reasons. The first is that the nanomaterial produces a rolling effect on the surface of the friction pair [12]. The second reason is that the nanomaterial adsorbed on the surface of the friction pair forms a lubricating film [13]. The last reason is that nanomaterials have a repair effect on the surface of the friction pair [4,6]. According to the above experimental results, we could infer the reasons for the friction reduction and antiwear properties of the WS2 nanoplates and nanoflowers. The main reason can be attributed to the formation of a tribo-film on the rubbing surface, but there was still a difference in the mechanism of the antifriction and antiwear between the WS2 nanoplate and the nanoflower at the beginning. When the WS2 nanoplates were used as lubricant additive, the WS2 nanoplates would penetrate into the interface of the friction surface. However, due to the large thickness of the nanoplates, they could not be firmly adsorbed on the surface of the friction pair. Due to the layered structure of the nanoplate, some thin nanosheets would be peeled off from the nanoplates during the continuous extrusion process by the friction pair. These stripped nanosheets would be adsorbed on the surface of the friction pair and then form a lubricating film. However, due to the different thickness of the stripped nanosheets, the resulting lubricating film was uneven. In contrast, after ultrasonic dispersion, WS2 nanoflowers were decomposed into some ultrathin nanosheets, as demonstrated by the TEM image in Figure 2f. We have researched the antifriction and antiwear mechanism of the ultrathin WS2 nanosheets as additives in 500 SN base oil [38]. The antifriction mechanism of the WS2 nanoflowers and the WS2 ultrathin nanosheets is the same. When the nanoflowers were dispersed into nanosheets, the dispersed nanosheets quickly adhered to the surface of the friction pair and formed a lubricating film, further reducing the wear on the surface of the friction pair. Since the thickness of the ultrathin nanosheets forming the nanoflowers is substantially the same, when the nanoflowers are decomposed, a tribo-film with uniform thickness is formed. The uniform tribo-film can improve tribological performance. Therefore, WS2 nanoflowers as a lubricant additive have better antifriction and antiwear properties than WS2 nanoplates. 4. Conclusions In this study, WS2 hexagonal nanoplates and nanoflowers were successfully synthesized by a solid-phase reaction. Tribological tests demonstrated that the tribological properties of paraffin oil could be greatly improved with the addition of the two kinds of WS2 nanomaterials, and the morphology and content of the WS2 nanomaterials had a significant effect on the tribological properties of paraffin oil. The optimum nanomaterial concentration was 0.5 wt %. The paraffin oil with added WS2 nanoflowers exhibited better friction reducing and antiwear properties than the WS2 hexagonal nanoplates. With the addition of the WS2 nanoflowers, the friction coefficient was stably maintained at a low value and the wear surface appeared to be smoother. The superior tribological performance of WS2 nanoflowers can be attributed to their special structure. Since the nanoflowers are decomposed into a number of ultrathin nanosheets, and these nanosheets are adsorbed on the surface of the friction pair which forms a uniform tribo-film, this can reduce friction and wear. Author Contributions: X.Z. and X.Y. designed the experiments. X.Z., J.W., and H.X. performed the experiments. X.Z. and H.T. analyzed the data. X.Z. and X.Y. wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This research was supported by the Jiangsu Province Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project (BY2018314), the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangsu University of Technology (KYY18030) and Jiangsu Overseas Visiting Scholar Program for University Prominent Young & Middle-aged Teachers and Presidents. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Tribological Properties of WS2 Hexagonal Nanoplates Nanoflowers
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