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Molecules 2020, 25, 5572 2 of 26 In additional, ideal PCMs should be bio-based, sustainable and readily available from renewable feedstocks [5,6]. Several classes of materials have been investigated, but triglycerides have often been overlooked despite their wide occurrence in nature and their attractive properties. Triglycerides are esters derived from glycerol and three fatty acid molecules, and are the main constituents of animal and vegetable fats. Their typical structure is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Typical structure of a triglyceride. Triglycerides are formed from a molecule of glycerol (middle, red) and three of fatty acids (side chains, black). The letter “n” represent an unspecified number of carbons in the chains. As such, they act as natural energy storage components in the human body and other species [7]. At present, triglycerides are widely used in the food formulation industry and as precursors for the production of bio-diesel components and glycerin. Some disadvantages presented by triglycerides have halted their development as PCMs. The main one is polymorphism, or the tendency to crystallize in different solid-state structures, each with their own characteristic phase-change transition and enthalpies [8]. However, the thermal properties and behaviour of triglycerides have been widely studied over years, and have been shown to offer great potential as PCMs, provided that polymorphism is avoided and narrow and reliable phase-change transition temperatures are achieved. The present review aims at assessing the suitability of triglycerides as possible PCMs for LHS applications. To do so, all published thermal data on saturated, unsaturated and asymmetrical triglycerides have been collected and reported hereby. In particular, the most relevant properties for thermal energy storage applications are evaluated, namely melting point, enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Due to the vast variety of glycerides, the thermal properties of mixtures of triglycerides and of mono- or diglycerides (derived by glycerol and one or two fatty acid chains, respectively) have not been considered for the study presented hereby. As the polymorphic behaviour and the crystalline arrangement of triglycerides plays a major role on their thermal behaviour, an overview of their known polymorphic transformation is also given. To this aim, this review is organized as follows: • overview on the polymorphism of triglycerides and known crystalline arrangements; • summary of triglycerides’ thermal properties and considerations on trends correlating them to the chemical structures; • overview of modelling methods employed to predict the thermal properties; • evaluation of studies conducted on triglycerides as PCMs; • conclusions and outlook for thermal energy storage applications. This is the first review on triglycerides to include the topic of their experimental and predicted thermal properties as well as their polymorphic behaviour, and associated applications for thermal energy storage (TES). 2. Polymorphism of Triglycerides Triglycerides are characterized by a typical tendency to crystallyze as polymorphs, meaning that they are able to form different crystalline structures depending on several factors that include:PDF Image | Triglycerides as Novel Phase-Change Materials
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