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Molecules 2020, 25, 5572 6 of 26 However, due to the size of triglyceride molecules and their tendency to form partially amorphous structures, growing single crystals that would confirm the theoretical structures presented above still remains a challenge. Exhaustive tables presenting the short and long spacings measured using XRD for each compound are presented in the literature and can be retrieved from the references mentioned above. However, as this is not the main focus of this study, the XRD data will not be discussed further in details. 3. Thermal Properties of Triglycerides Several sources in the literature describe the thermal properties, especially melting points, of triglycerides [16,31–41]. Despite the numerous investigations conducted on this topic, discrepancies are still present and several data are lacking. Therefore, a summary is required in order to obtain a better overview on this class of materials. In the next pages, the thermal properties collected from the literature are reported. As it is often unspecified whether the melting points reported in the literature are referring to onset or peak values, they are hereby assumed to represent peak temperatures. The chemical structures of all compounds mentioned in the next pages are shown in Appendix A and are divided according to triglycerides’ categories, namely saturated symmetrical (SST), unsaturated symmetrical (UST) and saturated asymmetrical (SAT). 3.1. Saturated Symmetrical Triglycerides (SST) Table 1 summarizes the data collected for the peak melting temperatures of SST. The SST are abbreviated according to the number of carbons in each aliphatic chain as shown in Table 2. For example, as tricaprylin is composed of 8 carbons in each aliphatic chain, and as all three chains are equal, it is abbreviated as 8.8.8). The SST melting peaks range from sub-zero values, for example, −54 ◦C for the α-phase of tricaprylin, to 93 ◦C for the β’ phase of trimelissin (or 30.30.30). The data collected from the various sources are in good agreement, with variations mostly ≤3 ◦C, despite the studies taking place at a distance of several years from one another (Figure 7A). The melting transitions of the various triglycerides generally increase in an approximately linear manner with increasing number of carbon atoms. It is yet unclear whether there is tendency to reach a plateau at temperatures near 80 ◦C given the scarce data for triglycerides with carbon number ≥18. According to Hagemann et al. [18], depending on their packing arrangements, different modifications of each polymorphic phase can arise, which cause multi-peaks profiles in the region of interest. These variations are often referred to as “submodifications”. However, no confirmation of these “submodifications” exists from XRD data. These subtransitions are reported in Table 1 with numbers in brackets next to the melting point of reference. For instance, the number (1) next to the melting point of a β’ phase indicates the melting point of the β’(1) “submodification” . Overall in the case of SST, up to two “submodifications” for the β’ phases are observed. This is in accordance with what reported by Malkin [24] and Lutton [15] as well. Interestingly, a significant difference between the melting temperatures of the polymorphic phases could be observed for all triglycerides, in particular between the α- and β’-phases. In this regards a trend can be noticed. As the carbon number increases, the difference between the melting temperatures of the α-, β’-, and β-phases decrease and the peak melting points become closer in value to each other (Figure 7B). No mention of such a trend have been found in the literature, but one possible explanation could be a reduced mobility of the longer chains in the α- and β’- phases, thus creating a more ordered phase similar to that found for the β-phase.PDF Image | Triglycerides as Novel Phase-Change Materials
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