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Molecules 2020, 25, 5572 19 of 26 One problem encountered by triglycerides and other organic materials is represented by the low thermal conductivities, generally around 0.2 W/(m·K), which together with the higher prices present challenges for the introduction of such materials in energy-related fields. However, several studies on the enhancement of the thermal conductivities of organic PCMs have been conducted. Most consist of including various amounts of nanographite (generally ≤10%) to improve the conductivity [40,74–77], while alternative methods use improved heat exchangers or foams [78–81]. In particular, Lazzarin et al. [78] achieved eight times faster loading and unloading times when using aluminum foams as heat transfer media, while several simulations and experimental setups comprising of finned-tube heat exchangers show promising results in terms of high power and heat conductivity [79–81]. 6. Conclusions and Outlook Triglycerides appear to possess interesting thermal properties suitable for LHS applications, with high enthalpies of fusion of up to approximately 200 J/g and a wide range of phase-change temperatures. Even-numbered saturated symmetrical triglycerides have the highest melting points and enthalpies of fusion due to a high degree of symmetry and to the absence of double bonds, which lower the compactness of the crystal packing and give rise to lower stabilities. This makes them interesting candidates for a broad range of applications, from sub-zero temperatures up to 90 ◦C. In particular, triglycerides could prove to be valuable candidates as PCM for the higher temperature range for industrial heating applications, where no other bio-based, sustainable and renewable feedstock-derived organic substances are currently used. In terms of thermal stability and reproducibility, although triglycerides have proved to be stable for several cycles and up to temperatures of 150 ◦C or above without showing any signs of degradation, it is of utmost importance to achieve complete control over the formation of the desired polymorphic phases. Although it has been shown in the literature that the reproducible formation of the desired polymorph directly from the melt is possible, either in controlled heating-cooling conditions or via addition of nucleating agents, further investigation need to be performed to evaluate the reproducibility and stability of the proposed methods. In conclusion, triglycerides and especially saturated symmetrical triglycerides can prove to be a valuable class of materials for LHS applications on condition that the stable polymorphic β phase is obtained or induced. While some investigations on different methods to achieve this have started, such issue is still far from being solved. Besides the thermal energy storage world, the complete control over the formation of polymorphs from the melt would also greatly benefit the food industry. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.R., A.S., J.W. and C.R.P.; Data curation, R.R.; Formal analysis, R.R.; Funding acquisition, R.R., A.S., J.W. and C.R.P.; Project administration, R.R., A.S., J.W. and C.R.P.; Supervision, A.S., J.W. and C.R.P.; Visualization, R.R.; Writing—original draft, R.R.; Writing—review, editing, R.R., A.S., J.W. and C.R.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, project number PZENP2_173636). Acknowledgments: This work was developed within the framework of the project DENSE “Direct-contact ENergy StoragE” funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, project number PZENP2_173636) with the support of the Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research Storage of Heat and Electricity (SCCER). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Triglycerides as Novel Phase-Change Materials
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