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88 Living Energies to the portion of surrounding air occupied by this, or supposed to be in any way 'within the sphere of activity' of the planet (Phillips 1696) and finally, with the progress of science, to the sup- posed limited aeriform environment of the Earth, or other planetary or stellar body. (It is curious that the first mention of an atmosphere is in con- nection with the Moon, now believed to have none.) 2) 1677 PLOT: That subtile Body that immedi- ately incompasses the Earth and is filled with all manner of exhalations, and from thence com- monly known by the name of the atmosphere. 3) 1751 CHAMBERS: Among some of the more accurate writers, the atmosphere is restrained to that part of the air next the Earth, which receives vapors and exhalations and is terminated by the refraction of the Sun's light. 4) 1867 E.DENISON ("Astronomy without Mathematics"): The Earth's atmosphere decreases so rapidly in density, that half its mass is within 3.5 miles above the sea; and at 80 miles there can be practically no atmosphere. 5) 1881 STOKES: In the solar atmosphere there is a cooling from above. 6) 1727-51 CHAMBERS: Atmosphere of Solid or Consistent Bodies, is a kind of sphere formed by the effluvia, or minute corpuscles emitted from them. 7) 1871 EMERSON: A man should not go where he cannot carry his whole sphere or circle with him, not bodily, but atmospherically. While several of these quotations underscore some of the comments made in the previous chapter about the Sun, in the main they affirm an apparently earlier held view that the Earth is a living organism, namely an entity that breathes. Viewed from outer space, the atmosphere itself could also be construed as the vital amniotic fluid that sur- rounds an Earth pregnant with life, in which it floats and which shields it from the poten- tially destructive forces of the Sun and Cosmos. When the Earth was first formed, suppos- edly from a molten mass of condensing gases, it is believed to have been totally cov- ered by water before the dry land eventually came into being. Apart from volcanic emissions, in the main these 'vaporous exhalations' are the water vapour present in the atmosphere. Due to the heating effect of the interaction between solar radiation and atmosphere, the water covering the Earth's surface gradually evaporated and became dispersed through the atmosphere, ulti- mately charging the atmospheric envelope with water vapour, though mainly in the tro- posphere which extends to an altitude of about 6km at the poles and 18km at the equa- tor. According to H.L. Penman's paper, "The Water Cycle"2, water has the greatest specific heat known among liquids (=1) and also has the greatest thermal conductivity of all liquids, whereas iron, which heats and cools more rapidly, has a far lower specific heat of 0.107. Its great specific heat means that, for a given rate of energy input, the temperature of a given mass of water will rise more slowly than the tempera- ture of any other material. Conversely, as energ is released its temperature will drop more slowly. Owing to its high specific heat and its capac- ity to retain heat, the water vapour gradually absorbed the heat of the Sun, and in doing so raised the general level of temperature. Because it absorbs heat strongly in the infra- red portion of the spectrum and is transpar- ent to (i.e.unaffected by) ultraviolet light, during the night when there is no heat input, heat losses are kept to a minimum. Had water not this capacity, if this water vapour buffer did not exist, then the Earth would have remained cold, lifeless and barren. Water, initially in its vaporous form, is there- fore responsible for the emergence of all life. When water vapour reaches extreme alti- tudes, however, it then becomes so rarefied that it is dissociated into its constituent atoms of oxygen and hydrogen through the action of strong ultraviolet radiation. Being the heavier element, the oxygen then sinks back to Earth, while the lighter hydrogen atoms rise to rejoin their peers in space. Now sepa- rated from the hydrogen, the oxygen is exposed to high levels of ionising radiation through which the now single oxygen atoms are made to combine with the molecular oxy- gen (O2) into an allotropic form of oxygen, O2 or ozone, which is responsible for the absorp-PDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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