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116 Living Energies (sweeping force), sediment load, turbidity, viscosity, to name a few, are taken into account in numerous formulae, the tempera- ture gradient, which significantly affects the function of all these different factors, has so far been totally disregarded in the fields of river engineering, water supply, water resources management and the condition of water generally. Apart from variations in its content of organic matter, minerals and salts, the so- called 'impurities', water has always been deemed a lifeless inorganic substance. There- fore, except for certain defined water-temper- atures required for specific purposes, cooling, heating, etc., the temperature or variations in temperature of any given water or water- body has been considered totally immaterial to the behaviour of the water itself, since the measured range of these variations has generally been rated too small to be capable of producing any noteworthy effect. This attitude has apparently remained unchanged. In early July 1991 I attended a symposium on river engineering at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia, for the express purpose of discovering the state of the art in hydrology with regard to water temperature. The keynote speaker was Prof. John F. Kennedy (!!), a hydraulicist of world repute, director of the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research and Hunter Rouse Professor of Hydraulics at the University of Iowa in the United States. As he spoke I sat ready with pencil and paper to record every mention of the word 'temperature'. By the end of the hour's very interesting address, in which Professor Kennedy expressed his great love of rivers, I had only one tick on my paper! Afterwards, wanting more precise data, I spoke with him for about 15 minutes, describing Viktor Schauberger's theories about water movement and temperature and the fact that in the 1930s they had had the full support of an equally world renowned hydrologist, Prof. Philipp Forchheimer, with whose work Professor Kennedy was acquainted. However, according to Kennedy, the influence of temperature on the dynamics of water flow was still considered negligible and therefore never taken into account. Having had this information straight from the horse's mouth, as it were, it is therefore to be concluded that temperature, as a factor in river engineering, is still ignored. As we shall see, however, it is precisely the small, some- times infinitesimal variations in temperature that are crucial to the natural, healthy move- ment of water and optimal flow-regimes in streams. Viktor Schauberger defines the tempera- ture gradient, of which there are two forms, as follows: A positive temperature gradient exists; a) when the temperature of the water decreases and its density increases towards the anomaly point of +4°C, or; b) when the density and temperature increase from freezing and below towards +4°C. c) When ground or water temperatures are cooler than air temperatures. A negative temperature gradient exists; d) when the movement of temperature is away from +4°C, either upwards or down- wards, both of which signify a decrease in density and energy. In fig. 8.1 (p. 109) the direction of movement of these two temperature conditions are shown as two curves delineating the varia- tions of volume and density with tempera- ture. Here it can be seen how, with cooling, the volume decreases and the density increases, and vice versa with heating. A movement of temperature towards the anom- aly point of +4°C always involves a positive temperature gradient, whereas a movement in the opposite direction is indicative of a negative temperature gradient. Remember here that heat, or whatever is suspended in a given medium (air or water), always flows or is transported towards cold. Both forms of temperature gradient are active simultaneously in Nature but, for there to be evolution instead of devolution, the positive temperature gradient must predomi- nate. On both upward and downward paths life emerges at the intersection of these two 'temperaments' as it were, each of which hasPDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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