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10 THE FORMATION OF SPRINGS There, where water splits in twain, Life is ere set free, unfolding its domain, And in emerging from its source, Water's blessed with vital, living force. There flock beasts, athirst for flowers, Midst thrusting boughs and leafy bowers. "God, Nature and Cosmos" by J.W. von Goethe 10.1 Seepage and True Springs Generally speaking, springs are understood as the emergence of groundwater that has encountered an impervious stratum. This type of spring is actually a seepage spring (fig. 10.1), but not a true spring. Under the correct condi- tions, namely under a positive temperature gradient - warmer rain, cooler ground, cooler substrata, etc - a seepage spring forms as water infiltrates, accumulates underground, meets an impervious layer and under the effect of gravity, drains away down the gradient to its point of egress. The temperature of seepage springs generally approximates the tempera- ture of the ground-strata through which the water passes, which may be in the order of +6°C to +9°C. It contains a certain amount of dissolved salts and trace elements, but is not very rich in them. On the other hand, a true spring, and this is where the difference lies, is a spring which has a temperature of around +4°C. It evolves under completely different conditions and processes. Fig. 10.2 depicts a cross-section through a mountain and shows the various ground tem- peratures at different levels. These may not represent the true temperatures, but are indi- cated here as examples. Since there is a positive temperature gradient from the ground-surface inwards, it means that rainwater can always infiltrate. Recalling that this is immature water, it greedily absorbs all the elements it can. Undesirable elements, salts, etc, lying in the upper strata are therefore dissolved by the per- colating rainwater and carried down into the depths, where they are eventually precipitated as the water cools to +4°C. In this densest state at the centre of the groundwater body, the +4°C centre-stratum, the water no longer has any room for them. They are expelled from it and left in a zone above the now fresh ground- water table, where they are accessed by vari- ous deep-rooted species of trees, whose job it is to metabolise and transform them and to raise them up to the higher levels, making them available to other shallower-rooted forms of vegetation. We might recall what Viktor Schauberger formulated on this theme, that under the exclusion of light and air the precipitation of salts and minerals occurs with cooling, whereas with exposure to light and air precipitation takes place with heating. As the rainwater enters the ground, it exerts increasing pressure on the +4°C centre-stratum of the groundwater body. Due to this overbur- dening pressure from above, the lowermost strata of the groundwater body are themselves forced downwards into regions where the ground temperatures begin to rise owing to geothermal activity. As a result, the water in these strata begins to expand, creating a counter-pressure to the pressure from above. 129PDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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