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18 THE METABOLISM OF THE TREE All the processes that take place in water are reflected once again in the individual forms of vegetation.1 Viktor Schauberger 18.1 The Movement of Sap It is appropriate now to examine the actual movement of the sap under both the con- ditions of natural growth and of unnatural light-induced growth. As with everything else in Nature, this is also determined by the temperature gradient, in this case within the tree itself, as well as in its relation to external factors such as light, heat and cold. We saw in chapter 9 that the solution, transport and deposition of nutrients are all functions of the temperature gradient. When light and air are excluded the precipitation of salts and minerals occurs with cooling, whereas with exposure to light and air, pre- cipitation takes place with heating. It should also be recalled that, under a positive temper- ature gradient, the highest quality nutrients are precipitated last as the sap cools towards +4°C or is maintained at this temperature. Under a strong negative temperature gradi- ent and with light and heat, the opposite hap- pens and the lowest quality nutrients only are expelled, the highest quality not being transported at all. In the last chapter we described how the natural course of growth and development of a shade-demanding species takes place largely in the crown. The overall shape of the trunk is cylindrical, with very minimal lower branch development (fig. 18.1), because there is no need to protect the trunk against light. The air temperature at the level of the crown is usually significantly higher than the tem- perature at ground level. Because there is no horizontally incident light, the trunk is also never exposed to massive and abrupt fluctua- tions in temperature; as a result the annual rings are very closely set, sometimes so closely as to be indistinguishable with the naked eye. The temperature gradient of the trunk is positive from the outside inwards, the cooler interior temperatures ensuring that any deposition of growth material is evenly dis- tributed, of high quality and relatively small amount. The direction of growth and devel- opment is therefore upwards with little lat- eral extension, reflecting the proper, natural movement of sap and the levitational ener- gies that are part of it. According to Viktor Schauberger these can be so strong in a healthy, mature and naturally grown tree that it is almost impossible for a storm to uproot it. It is these energies that return the tree to its normal vertical stance once the gusting fury of the wind has passed. This also explains the extraordinary slenderness of the trunks of some young saplings in natural old-growth forests, which seem to defy the forces of gravity in their long reach for the sky. In mature, natural, old-growth forests the light available for the growth of saplings and young trees comes from the diffuse source above. However, because a typical plantation tree, usually a shade-demander, is planted out in the open (fig. 18.2), to survive it 239PDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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