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According to Viktor Schauberger the actual movement of the sap is not through osmosis as is presently supposed: On many occasions I have already stated that the rising of sap in trees cannot be explained by the physical factors hitherto put forward alone, such as the effect of the external air pressure, etc., but that its explanation is to be found in the on-going meta- bolic processes in constant pulsation in every cell of the tree and is therefore a result of the vital activity of the capillary tree-cell. Professor Kurt Bergel of Berlin came to similar conclusions in relation to the activity of the heart and the blood in animal life.2 Apart from the animating pulsation, the healthy movement of sap is also encouraged by the extreme fineness of the capillaries to be found in a completely naturally grown tree (fig. 18.6). The diameter of these capillar- ies is tiny. With slight warming the carbonic acid contained in the water and sap is con- verted into carbon-dioxide and forms bub- bles, which completely close off the full bore of the capillary, and actually pump the water with the nutrients and the sap right up to the furthest extremities of the crown. These bub- 18: The Metabolism of the Tree 243 bles fill the capillaries like corks and, as they rise, push the intervening packets of water, sap, etc, ahead of them. In this way the sap can be raised up the towering 91m (300ft) height of for example, a Tasmanian Mountain Ash, the tallest hard- wood in the world. The upward movement of sap can neither be due to osmosis, whose absorbent raising action is limited, nor to mechanical suction alone, however, since it has long been established that a column of water cannot be drawn up higher than 9.81m (32.18ft). The ascent of sap is a daytime process. The tree breathes out oxygen during the day through the process of photosynthesis, but at night the direction of movement reverses and it breathes in oxygen (like we do) in order to provide for the development of the root- system and the lignification of the trunk. When the Sun sets the temperature drops and the level of dynamic energy diminishes. This initiates the retreat of the sap, which now becomes specifically denser through cooling and is drawn down in the direction of the sinking Sun and the root-zone. The sap ducts and capillaries in the crown are evacu- ated and a biological partial vacuum is cre- ated as the CO2 gas-bubbles condense and begin to sink. Together with the sugars and starches formed during daytime photosyn- thesis, this suction draws down oxygen, nitrogen, sugars, starches, CO2 and other trace-gases through the minute stomata and pores in the leaves and all the way down to the hair-roots. Here they nourish the life- functions of the tree during the night and provide the material for its structure-building activities, the formation of the annual rings and the lignification of the inner fabric of the tree as a whole. When the crown-zone and the trunk cool down, the root-zone warms up and vice versa. In this way the soil is kept warm during the night and in winter, and cooler during the day and in summer. As a result, excessive fluctuations in the ground temperature, which are detrimental to the microorganisms in the life-giving layer of humus, do not occur. The same process applies to light-demand- ing timbers as long as the light is notPDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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