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252 Living Energies basis for the visible external aspect of the tree. As we hardly ever see them, what do we really know about roots apart from the fact that they hold plants up? In fact there is the widest possible variety of root forms and sys- tems, and their proper distribution is of vital importance to the whole process of tree growth, because each species of tree has a different pattern of root development accord- ing to the function it performs and the ener- gies associated with it. In the case of trees, these can be roughly categorised as flat-rooted, heart-rooted, tap- rooted and deep-rooted trees, the last evapo- rating more water than heart-rooted trees and flat-rooted trees evaporating least of all. Each plant species, therefore, has its own particular root structure, which penetrates and with- draws the elements it needs from particular horizons in the soil. Although not those of trees, the root systems of various plants shown in figs.18.16 (a)-(i) give some idea of this enormous complexity. These have been taken from the plethora of diagrams contained in two magnificent root atlases, exhaustively researched and painstakingly prepared in Ger- many by L. Kutschera and E. Lichtenegger3. When life first began on this planet, both soil and climatic conditions were probably very harsh. No high quality vegetation or life was possible, partly due to the strength of the winds blowing over virtually barren surfaces; and partly because the poor composition of the available soil, drenched and washed out by deluging rains, was unable to sustain them, for without humus there is very little micro-organic activity. Only the hardiest plants feeding on the salts and the coarse, unmodified minerals of almost bare rock were able to evolve and, little by little, they began to change the soil environment, thereby creating the preconditions for higher forms of plant to develop. In this process, the most primitive plants, such as mosses or grasses, first take root at the surface of the ground at (a) in fig. 18.16. They can only extend their roots for a certain, relatively shallow distance below the surface, making use of the low-grade salts and nutri- ents available at this level for their growth. These pioneer plants, however, not only trap the nutritive dust particles carried by the wind, but also have a cooling effect on the ground, thereby enabling the first beginnings of useful soil moisture to accumulate. As they spread further over the ground, shading it from the Sun, the deeper ground strata where the higher grade elements reside, also begin to cool off. As a result, even though infinitesimally, the water table rises under this thin plant cover, lifting the whole body of minerals and trace-elements lying above the ground water table and pushing slightly better quality salts and minerals towards the surface. With a richer mineral base to draw on, it is then possible for a higher form of plant to begin to grow such as that shown at (b). As this higher plant form requires better sustenance, its root system descends further in search of it. In the process it draws its nourishment from a different horizon, so there is no competition between it and the pioneer plant at (a). Ultimately, through the progressive improvement of the soil and the coming into being of the more evolved plant systems depicted in (c) through to (0, which hold the soil together and provide the neces- sary protection for the slow build-up of humus, even higher species of vegetation can take root. Now provided with a more even climate within the growing humus layer, micro-organisms gradually proliferate and begin the task of breaking down the coarse minerals into finer and finer particles, thereby increasing the richness and fertility of the soil which, in the process becomes too rich for the pioneer plants, and they die off. As some of this newer vegetation is very deep-rooted, yet higher quality elements are brought up from the depths and made avail- able, further increasing the nutritive base for the later evolution of higher-grade plants Hardy bushes and small light-demanging trees then take root and begin to tame the winds, creating areas of shelter for larger and more varied species of timber until finally the high primeval forest with its myriad root- systems is established in all its glory. Each root-system is inextricably connected with the others in a vast complexity that surpassesPDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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