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ing what was previously removed from it and, in this way, the fertility of the soil was successfully sustained for many centuries. Moreover, as the material is organic rather than so-called inorganic, it requires less of Nature's energy to reconstitute it into a form readily assimilable by plants, as the energies required to convert it from an inorganic to an organic state are spared. With composting as generally understood today, however, instead of previously dried material, green sap-laden vegetable matter interleaved with layers of earth is used, which generates considerable heat in the compost heap itself. Indeed this warming is generally taken as a sign that the composting process is progressing properly. While the product of such a heap is even- tually broken down and well-fermented at completion and while it does maintain the current level of fertility, according to Viktor Schauberger it does not increase it markedly, except in cases where no compost has been used previously. One of the reasons for this is that the relatively high internal temperatures prevent the entry and activity of the earth- worms, always sensitive to heat, until the lat- ter stages, when the heap has cooled sufficiently for them to be attracted into the decomposing material. Furthermore, there is no consideration given to the effect of rainfall which, as mentioned earlier, is juvenile, element-hungry water and avidly seizes upon whatever material it can find in order to become mature. By construct- ing a compost heap differently and by protect- ing it from rain, the end-product will be of far higher quality, not only as a result of cold rather than hot processes of fermentation, but also due to its higher content of protein and other immaterial, fructigenic energies. Although shown here on a small scale, the same principle can be applied to larger com- post heaps. In Viktor Schauberger's view, a compost heap should be egg-shaped, reflect- ing the life-giving properties of the egg, and should ideally be built up under a large fruit- tree with a broad canopy as shown in fig. 19.10. Protected by the foliage above, a cavity is scooped out of the ground around the base of the tree into which a 20cm thick 19: Agriculture and Soil Fertility 265 layer of sun-dried or otherwise desiccated leaf-matter and vegetable residues are laid. It is important that this material is thoroughly dried before being added to the heap, for excess water will trigger unwanted heat dur- ing fermentation. The whole is then covered with an equally thick mixture of earth, fine sand and river gravel. Use of the latter ele- ments not only harks back to the system of remineralisation above, but also to the improved quality of material carried by natu- rally flowing streams. To this mixture is added a small quantity of copper and zinc fil- ings, whose function will be explained later. Before this is done, however, the trunk is first wrapped loosely with several layers of newspa- per or other suitable decomposable material, which not only protects the tree but, once decomposed, then provides a duct surrounding the trunk for the entry of air. The heap is then temporarily covered with clay or an imperme- able material to prevent the entry of rain and its content of raw oxygen. Since this is a cool process, earthworms, insects and other aerobic micro-organisms are at once attracted into the heap and begin their reprocessing activity aided by the diffused oxygen, nitrogen and other trace gases entering through the newspa- per or sacking round the trunk and the overly- ing mixture of earth and sand. Gradually, as more vegetable refuse becomes available, the heap is built up into the stable form of the egg shown in fig. 19.9. Once finished, and to ensure the wholesome completion of this cold decomposition, the entire heap is then faced and smoothed over with clay to prevent the entry of rain which, due to the near vertical external surfaces, is more inclined to drain down the side than infiltrate through the clay. The final act of maturation then begins. Having by now infiltrated the whole of the compost heap and thoroughly aerated it, the microbial life and, in particular, the earth- worms which by this time have populated the compost heap in their thousands, begin to die off, their decomposing bodies giving an additional nutritive boost to the end- product with the provision of large quanti- ties of animal protein. In late autumn the strength of the Sun's light and heat dimin-PDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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