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Sustainability 2019, 11, 1881 5 of 20 2.2. Organic Rankine Cycle Optimization The waste heat and water recovery system (WHWRS) is primarily comprised of two parts: an ORC that cools the flue gas and uses its heat for power generation and another part to further cool the flue gas below the dew point temperature of the moisture content present within it. Depending upon the ambient temperature, the latter can be a pumped heat pipe cooling cycle, a vapor compression cooling cycle, or a combination of both. Table 2 shows the assumptions made for modeling of the ORC part of the system. Theoretical modeling of the WHWRS in this study was optimized for maximum power output. Table 2. Assumptions for the ORC design. Parameters Working fluid Isentropic efficiency: Turbine Pump Pressure Decrease Pinch temperatures Condenser Evaporator Values R134a 70% 70% 3% 5 ◦C 15 ◦C Figure 4a shows the temperature vs. specific entropy (T-S) diagram for the ORC part of the WHWRS at a 20 ◦C ambient temperature. The system was modeled using the program AxCYCLED_v4.44100 with the working fluid R134a as shown in Figure 4b. Properties of the working fluid R134a were obtained from the REFPROP program. The output parameters and efficiencies of the ORC can be calculated as follows: Qeg is the energy transfer rate at the ORC heat exchanger and is given by Qeg = mexCp (Tin,ex1 − Tout,ex1) (1) Qeg, max is the maximum allowable energy that can be transferred to the ORC part Qeg,max = mexCp (Tin,ex1 − Tambient) (2) Pnet,orc is the net power output produced by the ORC cycle after considering the power consumption of its auxiliary equipment. Pnet,orc = Pturbine − Ppump,orc (3) ηHR is the heat recovery efficiency of the ORC cycle defined as the ratio of the recovered heat rate and the maximum allowable heat rate from the waste heat source. ηHR = Qeg/Qeg,max (4) ηcyc is the cycle efficiency of the ORC defined as the ratio of the net power and the recovered heat rate from the waste heat source ηcyc = Pnet,orc/Qeg (5) ηsys is the system efficiency of ORC defined as the ratio of the net power and the maximum allowable heat rate from the waste heat source. ηsys = Pnet,orc/Qeg,max (6)PDF Image | Waste Heat and Water Recovery System Optimization for Flue Gas
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