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Sustainability 2019, 11, 1881 8 of 20 Figure 6. Variation in system, cycle, and heat recovery efficiency concerning a variation in temperature. 2.3. Water Recovery System Characterization Following the ORC heat recovery part is a cooling system for water recovery. Figure 7 shows the five different configurations termed A, B, H, O, and X that can be implemented for the given ambient conditions. In addition to the ORC part, the water recovery system is generally comprised of a low-temperature evaporator (LT evaporator) in which heat transfer between low-temperature flue gas and the working fluid occurs for the sake of water recovery. After extracting heat at low pressure, the working fluid becomes vaporized and then passes into the common condenser to dissipate the heat. Configuration A has an ORC system integrated into the pumped heat pipe cooling system; pumped heat pipe cooling (HPC) means only the use of a circulation pump for a phase change heat transfer. In this system, the evaporation temperature in the LT evaporator is equal to the condensation temperature of the condenser, neglecting the pressure drop. Therefore, the amount of cooling completed by the pumped heat pipe system is strictly restricted by the ambient temperature conditions. Configuration A is a two-stage system whereas configuration B is a three-stage system with the addition of a vapor compression cycle (VCC). Although a vapor compression cycle does not have any restrictions under ambient temperature conditions, it results in a loss of net power as the compressor is attached to the turbine. Configuration X had only a vapor compression cycle following the ORC system which had one large compressor. Configuration H has been considered to show the effect on power characteristics of the system if the large compressor work is distributed to various smaller compressors. In this particular case, two compressors have been used instead of one large compressor i.e. X, to signify the power consumption decrease caused by the low reversibility of two small compressors instead of a large one. Whereas configuration O has an additional HPC to reduce the power consumption further at the expense of an additional stage. The power output for the overall WHWRS (Pnet) can be calculated as follows: Pnet = Pnet,orc − PHPC − PVCC (7) where PHPC is the power required by the pumped HPC system and PVCC is the power required by the vapor compression cooling system.PDF Image | Waste Heat and Water Recovery System Optimization for Flue Gas
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