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Sustainability 2019, 11, 1881 10 of 20 3. Results The WHWRS was analyzed in two different manners in this study. First, the characteristics of the system were analyzed for constant water recovery yield and thereafter for constant ambient temperature conditions, providing power output behaviors and the effect that the range of ambient temperature and water recovery yield had on the capital cost in terms of system stages. In both of these approaches, the five schematics mentioned above that cover every possible case of cycle configuration within these temperature ranges were used. 3.1. Constant Water Recovery Yield This section discusses the WHWRS characteristics relative to ambient temperature conditions. The objective was to attain 40 ◦C for the exhaust gas outlet temperature, which in turn provided approximately 50% water recovery efficiency. Configurations A, B, H, O, and X were analyzed for net power output, water recovery, and exhaust gas outlet temperature at ambient temperatures of 40, 30, and 20 ◦C. Note that this study tends to suggest optimization in terms of higher power output while keeping the system stages to a minimum while attaining the desired water recovery efficiency and flue gas temperature. 3.1.1. At 40 ◦C Ambient Temperature All five configurations can be seen in the graphs representing the properties of the system for the ambient condition of 40 ◦C as shown in Figure 8a. Figure 8a shows that three out of five configurations, i.e. X, H, and O, are those that fulfill the criteria of condensing the moisture present in the flue gas to the required temperature of 40 ◦C and achieving greater than 50% water recovery efficiency as shown in Figure 8a,b at 40 ◦C ambient temperature conditions. Configurations A and B are only able to cool the flue gas to 60 ◦C and 50 ◦C and achieve 0 and 21.6% water recovery efficiency, respectively. The figure also shows that X is two-staged, whereas H and O are three- and four-stage systems, respectively, and able to achieve the desired results. Figure 8c shows the power output distribution of all five configurations for the ambient temperature of 40 ◦C. Configuration X has the highest power consumption or power loss of all the configurations for this ambient temperature condition. In this case, no power output is produced by the system and the system power consumption is more than three times the power that is produced by configuration A, which is the highest power-producing configuration in the case of a 40 ◦C ambient temperature. O fulfills the criteria of water recovery and flue gas temperature, but despite being a four-stage system, it still consumes power for water recovery at this stage although much less than that required by X. Both B and H are three-staged systems, but only H is capable of attaining the desired results; however, its power consumption is higher than that of configuration O. Thus, at the ambient temperature of 40 ◦C, no configuration can obtain the desired results without the use of external power. In other words, at this point, the system can no longer be self-sufficient with the present configurations and cooling systems. Figure 8. Cont.PDF Image | Waste Heat and Water Recovery System Optimization for Flue Gas
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