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Sustainability 2019, 11, 1881 14 of 20 collectively decreased the temperature of the flue gas to the ambient temperature of 20 ◦C, recovering greater than 80% of the water in the flue gas but at the cost of approximately 124 W of external power source in addition to turbine power output. Condenser Characterization at Constant Temperature There are multiple advantages of WHWRS in regions with inadequate water supply, including the capture of condensable particulate matter, minimizing of fresh water usage, and recovering water for potential needs within the power plant. In the case of water recovery units, whose objectives are to minimize pollution and fresh water usage, the condenser for the proposed WHWRS can be water-cooled. However, if the power plant is in a region with a low or declining water supply, the condenser should be cooled by forced air convection, either partially or totally without water cooling heat-exchangers. There is a certain amount of work input or net power loss that is required for the forced convection equipment, e.g., fan. Note that the previous calculations for all configurations have been made based on water-cooled condenser systems. This section discusses the air-cooled condenser and compares its output with that of a water-cooled condenser, for the configurations showing maximum power output for their relative number of system stages at an ambient temperature of 20 ◦C. Using some design parameters for the organic Rankine cycle heat recovery power plant with a detailed analysis of the system [30], the power consumption of the air-cooled condenser of the WHWRS was briefly estimated as follows. In the reference [30], R134a was used as a working fluid, and the power consumption of the air-cooled condenser was 1224 kW to reject 58,912 kW of heat transfer rate to produce 5263 kW of net power with condensation temperature of 32.6 ◦C with a pinch point 6 ◦C at 18.8 ◦C ambient temperature. It was generally estimated that for fixed heat transfer rate, the lower the mass flow rate of air mA more the rise in temperature of air Trise as it passes through the condenser, i.e., mA ∝ 1/Trise (8) The rise in air temperature for the reference case is 7.7 ◦C. Also, for a more mass flow rate of air, more fans, or a more powerful fan, is required, which means the mass flow rate of air is directly proportional to the power consumed by the air-cooled condenser Pacc. So, Pacc ∝ 1/Trise (9) When there is a higher heat transfer rate from the working fluid to the air-cooled condenser Qacc, a higher power is required. Pacc ∝ Qacc (10) Our case closely resembles the one mentioned here [30]. At the constant ambient condition of 20 ◦C, the working fluid is at 30 ◦C in the condenser. For the pinch point of 5 ◦C, the rise in temperature and the heat transfer rate of the reference case and our case can be compared to determine the power consumption of the air-cooled condenser. Table 3 shows heat transfers and power consumption of all one to four stages of configuration, optimized for maximum power output by comparing the proportional quantities with the reference case. It can be clearly seen that for a fixed ambient temperature condition, there is a small net power difference between stage 1 and stage 2 for the water-cooled condenser system. Even though the heat rejection is same, the power required by the air-cooled condenser to compensate a large amount of latent heat from the flue gas absorbed by the working fluid makes a huge gap between stage 1 and stage 2 with an air-cooled condenser in comparison to the water-cooled condenser. Generally, the power consumption of an air-cooled condenser seems to increase with the increase in the number of stages of the system.PDF Image | Waste Heat and Water Recovery System Optimization for Flue Gas
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