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Sustainability 2019, 11, 1881 16 of 20 The economic benefit of water recovery was estimated as follows based on Jeong et al. [33]. Here, the assumed 16% volume of water vapor in flue gas is equivalent to 10% weight of water vapor. With 50% of water recovery efficiency, the potential annual fresh water recovery is: 750 kg/s × 10% × 50%/1000 m3/kg × 3600 s/hr × 24 h × 365 days × 95% (annual availability) = 1,123,470 m3 Assuming a water cost of $1.69 per cubic meter [31], an annual savings of water recovery is $1,998,594 The water withdrawal in a subcritical 600 MW power plant consists of 2381 L/MWh of cooling water make-up, 400 L/MWh of FGD make-up, and 36 L/MWh of boiler make-up [34], which can be partially covered by 225 L/MWh of regenerated water as condensate out of 450 L/M of moisture in flue gas in this study. The economic benefit of heat recovery of an ORC unit was estimated as follows, based on Walraven et al. [32], assuming the price obtained per MWh of produced electricity of $67.5/MWe, an annual availability of 95%, and the cost of operation and maintenance of 2.5% of the investment cost of the ORC and pumped HPC per year. The potential net annual income through heat recovery for the water cooled plant is: 6369 kW (net power) × 24 hrs × 365 days × 95% (availability) = 53,003 MWe 53,003 MWe × $67.5/MWe – 2.5% × ($9,171,798 + $8,674,810) = $3,131,470 Whereas for the air-cooled plant, 3928 kW (net power) × 24 hrs × 365 days × 95% (availability) = 32,689 MWe 32,689 MWe × $67.5/MWe – 2.5% × ($6,799,528 + $5,089,581) = $1,909,280 To utilize the recovered water, the condensed water usually needs further treatment such as filtration, acid removal, or demineralization [33]. The cost of water treatment could be included in a detailed economic analysis. In addition to the economic benefits of the electric power and water recovery, the WHWRS can contribute to reduce the condensable particulate matter [27] and to decrease the humidity around the power plant, which decreases diffusion of pollutants and promotes secondary particulate matter formations. These environmental benefits were not included in the economic analysis. Furthermore, the waste heat from the condenser of the WHWRS could be utilized as a heat source for the a heat pump used for deep-cooling of the coal-fired power plant flue gas [35]. 5. Discussion This study discussed the design of a WHWRS using a single working fluid. It also analyzed various problematic scenarios of increased capital cost and power consumption, presented in practical situations by a change in the ambient temperature caused by a change in climate conditions depending on the season and location of a power plant. Thus showing that relative to a change in ambient condition, the performance of a WHWRS will vary. As this study suggests, a heat recovery ORC is to be optimized for maximum power output because the auxiliary components of a water recovery system such as a pump or compressors as well as cooling system consume power. Thus, the system must be optimized for maximum power output for it to be as self-sufficient as possible at an increased ambient temperature condition. Optimizing the high-pressure side concerning commercially available components is a reasonable approach. Superheating of the working fluid slightly above the saturation temperature is better for the longevity of the turbine. A pumped HPC system has low power consumption as it only uses a circulation pump, but the amount of gradient it creates in temperature of the flue gas strictly depends on the ambient temperature conditions. However, for a 20 ◦C ambient temperature, configuration A, for a minor decrease in power output has an abrupt increase from 0% to 50% in water recovery efficiency.PDF Image | Waste Heat and Water Recovery System Optimization for Flue Gas
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